RNA viruses

lectures 1-4

What genera are within the reoviridae family?

rotavirus and coltivirus

What is the genome structure of reoviridae?

dsRNA naked

What infections are associated with rotavirus?

gastroenteritis

What is the transmission route of rotavirus?

fecal oral

What are the complications of rotavirus?

dehydration

Are there vaccines for rotavirus? which ones?

RotaTeq and Rotarix

How can we diagnose rotavirus?

ELISA or latex agglutination

What infection is associated with coltivirus?

colorado tick fever

What is the transmission route of coltivirus?

dermacentor tick

How can we diagnose coltivirus?

recombinant immunoassay for IgG

What families of RNA viruses are considered arboviruses (viruses transmitted by arthropods)?

reoviridae, bunyaviridae, flaviviridae, togaviridae

What genera are within the arenaviridae family?

arenavirus

What is the genome structure of arenaviridae?

ssRNA enveloped helix

What infection is associated with arenavirus?

hemorrhagic fevers → Lassa, Junin, Machupo

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

What is the transmission route of arenavirus?

inhalation, fomite (inanimate objects)

What is the treatment for arenavirus?

ribavirin

What genera are within the bunyaviridiae family?

phlebovirus, nairovirus, orthobunyavirus, hantavirus

What infection is associated with phlebovirus?

rift valley fever → encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever

What is the transmission route of phlebovirus?

acedes mosquito

What infection is associated with nairovirus?

crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever

What is the transmission route of nairovirus?

hyalomma tick

What infections are associated with the Orthobunyavirus genus?

LaCrosse and California virus → encephalitis

What is the reservoir of LaCrosse virus?

squirrel and chipmunk

What is the transmission route of the LaCrosse virus?

acede mosquito

What are the four species associated with Hantavirus genus?

SN, BCC, NY, BAY

Which of the hantavirus species is most common in the US?

SN

What is the transmission route of hantavirus SN?

inhalation and rodent excretion

What are laboratory findings of Hantavirus SN?

thrombocytopenia, shift to the left of myelocytes, elevated LDH, proteinuria

What is the genome structure of calciviridae?

ssRNA naked icosahedral

Which genera are within the calciviridae family?

Norovirus

What infection is associated with norovirus?

norwalk and norwalk-like agents → gastroenteritis

Where can we find norovirus?

crowded areas → school, cruise ship, nursing homes

What is the transmission route of norovirus?

fecal oral

How can we diagnose norovirus?

RT-PCR from stool sample

What is the genome structure of coronaviridae?

ssRNA enveloped helix

What kind of projections are seen with coronaviridae?

club like (sun)

What genera are within the coronaviridae family?

alpha and betacoronavirus

What species are found within the betacoronavirus genus?

MERS and SARS

What infection is associated with SARS-COV?

SARS → severe acute respiratory syndrome of pneumonia and LRT infection

What is the transmission route of SARS-COV?

close contact with infected person

Who is at risk of SARS-COV?

laboratory workers, travelers to endemic areas

What are the symptoms of COVID-19?

pneumonia with a cytokine storm

What is the genome structure of filoviridae?

ssRNA envelope helix

What genera are within the filoviridae family?

marburgvirus and ebolavirus

What are the infections associated with marburgvirus and ebolavirus?

marburg and ebola → severe hemorrhaging, fever, shock

What is the transmission route of marburgvirus and ebolavirus?

contact with infected monkeys, blood, secretions

What kinds of treatments are available for marburg and ebola?

supportive, no drugs or vaccines

What is the genome structure of flaviviridae?

ssRNA enveloped icosahedral

What genera are within the flaviviridae family?

flavivirus

What infections/species are associated with the flavivirus genus?

Yellow fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, WNV

Which of the flavivirus species (besides WNV) is most common in the US?

St. louis

How are the flavivirus species transmitted?

mosquito bites (culex and aedes)

What are the general symptoms of flavivirus species?

flu-like to encephalitis

Are there vaccines or treatments for any of the flavivirus species?

yes, yellow fever has a vaccine

What is the genome structure of orthomyxoviridae?

ssRNA enveloped helix

What genera are within the orthomyxoviridae family?

Influenzavirus A, B, C

What infection is associated with Influenzavirus A?

epidemic influenza

What infection is associated with Influenzavirus B?

milder influenza, Reye syndrome

What infection is associated with Influenzavirus C?

rarely pathogenic, no real association

What is the transmission route of Influenzavirus?

aerosol

What are the virulence factors of Influenzavirus?

1. Hemagglutinin to RBC

2. Neuraminidase cleaves budding viruses

3. antigenic drift (subtle) and shift (major)

What are some notable pandemics with Influenzavirus?

Spanish flu, Asian flu, HK flu, H5N1, H1N1

How can we diagnose Influenzavirus?

Rapid detection with RT-PCR

What treatments are available for Influenzavirus?

wash hands, viral drugs, seasonal flu shot