Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Lec) - Modules 1 to 4

Intro to Biostats, Measures of Central Tendency & Variability, Variables, & Demography

Biostatistics

Biostatistics

branch of applied statistics dealing with biology

Epidemiology

branch of medicine dealing with the control of diseases

Which of the following studies involve the study of multiple exposures that may be related to a single outcome?

a. Incidence

b. Case-control

c. Cohort

d. Cross-sectional

b. Case-control

Association type: The sampling technique used in a study in order to understand the population.
A) Critical case
B) Extreme case

a. Both A and B are associated

b. Neither A nor B is associated

c. Only B is associated

d. Only A is associated

d. Only A is associated

Association type: Case-control study:
A) Case - subjects have outcome of interest
B) Control - subjects do not have outcome of interest

a. Only A is associated

b. Both A and B are associated

c. Neither a nor B is associated

d. Only B is associated

b. Both A and B are associated

Which of the following sampling techniques is used to surveying a specialist on a particular topic?

a. Expert case

b. Typical case

c. Critical case

d. Extreme case

a. Expert case

Which of the following scales of measurement of data: Money

a. Ordinal

b. Ratio

c. Interval

d. Nominal

b. Ratio

Association type: The amount of drug injected into a rat:
A) Discrete variable
B) Continuous variable

a. Neither A nor B is associated

b. Only A is associated

c. Only B is associated

d. Both A and B are associated

c. Only B is associated

Which of the following suitable graph? Number of patients requesting PCR COVID-testing including the results on September 1 to September 30, 2021

a. Line chart

b. Scatter plot

c. Pie chart

d. Bar chart

a. Line chart

Association type: Graphical presentation that shows X-axis - numerical variable and Y-axis - relative frequency:
A) Histogram
B) Line plot

a. Both A and B are associated

b. Neither A nor B is associated

c. Only B is associated

d. Only A is associated

d. Only A is associated

1,000 health city government officials need to be surveyed to find out which told are best suited for their jobs. Assuming the margin of error used is 0.05, what is the sample based on Slovin’s formula?

a. 86

b. 286

c. 450

d. 200

b. 286

Association type: Observational study provides a comparison group.
A) Descriptive study
B) Analytical study

a. Both A and B are associated

b. Only A is associated

c. Only B is associated

d. Neither A nor B is associated

c. Only B is associated

Which of the following scales of measurement of data: Convalescing patients

a. Ordinal

b. Interval

c. Ratio

d. Nominal

a. Ordinal

Which of the ff. suitable graphs? Study of prevalence of dengue on year 2010-2018

a. Line graph

b. Pie chart

c. Scatterplot

d. Bar graph

d. Bar graph

Association type: Study rare diseases:
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Cohort study

a. Both A and B is associated

b. Only A is associated

c. Only B is associated

d. Neither A nor B is associated

d. Neither A nor B is associated

Association type: Principle involved: select all units within randomly selected geographic cluster:
A) Homogenous purposive sampling
B) Simple random sampling

a. Only B is associated

b. Only A is associated

c. Both A and B are associated

d. Neither A nor B is associated

a. Only B is associated

These are observations of random variables made on the elements of a population.

a. Sample

b. Label

c. Data

d. Population

c. Data

Which of the ff. sampling technique with this principle: the equal chance/probability of selecting each person in the population

a. Cluster

b. Systematic

c. Simple random

d. Stratified

c. Simple random

Association type: Refers to the method of getting a small part of the population:
A) Sample
B) Sampling

a. Neither A nor B is associated

b. Both A and B are associated

c. Only A is associated

d. Only B is associated

d. Only B is associated

Determine the type of sampling technique with this study: Ms. Santos samples her class, selecting all students sitting at Group 1 and Group 5 in her classroom.

a. Stratified

b. Systematic

c. Cluster

d. None

c. Cluster

Which of the ff. statistical application? You collect data on the SAT scores of all 11th graders in the school for 3 years.

a. Descriptive

b. Inferential

c. Both are correct answers

d. No correct answer

b. Inferential

A company packaging chocolate bars maintains the quality control by randomly selecting 100 chocolates from each day’s production and weighs them. Identify the sample technique.

a. Convenience

b. Stratified

c. Cluster

d. Systematic

d. Systematic

The scenario is 8:00 Monday morning, the first 100 teachers entering the front door are selected to be in the sample. This is what type of sampling design?

a. Cluster

b. Self-selection

c. Systematic

d. Convenience

d. Convenience

Which of the ff. study? The hypothesis is tested and is about relationship between health problems and possible risk factors.

a. Descriptive

b. Analytical

c. Both are correct answers

d. No correct answer

b. Analytical

Which of the ff. types of variable? The measurement where the difference between 2 values HAS meaning. An example is pH level.

a. Interval

b. Nominal

c. Ordinal

d. Ratio

a. Interval

These are examples of a continuous variable, EXCEPT:
1) Breed of dog
2) Population of city
3) Height
4) Gender

a. 2 and 3

b. 1 and 3

c. 1, 2, and 3

d. 1 and 4

d. 1 and 4

What is the mean of the group data?
Classes--frequency
10-19---7
20-29---13
30-39---15
40-49---9
50-59---16

a. 22

b. 37

c. 32

d. 27

b. 37

Quota sampling is categorized as non-probability sampling. It deals with the percentage of each group in the population that must be represented in proportion in the study.

a. Both are true

b. 1st statement is true

c. Neither is true

d. 2nd statement is false

a. Both are true

Which of the ff. scales of measurement of data: Election vote

a. Nominal

b. Ordinal

c. Interval

d. Ratio

a. Nominal

They are often called the average of numerical set of data:

a. Standard Deviation

b. Mode

c. Mean

d. Median

c. Mean

Which of the ff. study designs? It describes exposure.

a. Cohort

b. Case-control

c. Cross-sectional

d. None of these

b. Case-control

Which of the ff. descriptive research does not answer?

a. Why

b. Who

c. What

d. When

a. Why

Descriptive or analytic study:

How is COVID-19 transmitted to another person?

Analytic

Descriptive or analytic study:

The black plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis.

Descriptive

Descriptive or analytic study:

An ecological study to determine the effect of exposure to radiation from the Chernobyl incident.

Analytic

Descriptive or analytic study:

Determining the underlying cause of diabetes in a community.

Analytic

Descriptive or analytic study:

What date was the first incident of COVID-19 in the count?

Descriptive

Identify what study design:

A study on the efficacy of apple cider vinegar (ACV) to curb appetite, wherein some participants were given a pill that contains ACV but some were given a pill that contains water.

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Identify what study design:

A study on diabetes using only women of ages 40-45, that are residing in Brgy. Palanan, Makati City as participants.

Cohort study

Identify what study design:

A study on the prevalence of cholera in London back in the 1950s.

Cross-sectional study

Identify what study design:

A study on a unique case of microcephaly wherein the head is smaller than normal when the infant experiences hypoxia.

Case-control study

Identify what study design:

An incident was recorded wherein an infant was born reactive for COVID-19 right after being born.

Case report

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Sample of college instruction classified according to subject taught

Nominal

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Social class

Ordinal

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Salaries of nurses in a hospital

Ratio

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Number of exams given in a Biostatistics course

Ratio

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Classification of students according to the major field

Nominal

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Weights of suitcases on a selected commercial airline flight

Ratio

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Horsepower of motorcycle engines

Interval

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Temperatures of a sample of automobile tires tested at 55 miles/hr

Interval

Identify the level of measurement of data:

Election vote

Nominal

Identify the level of measurement of data:

President Duterte’s cabinet members

Nominal

Count

the absolute number of population in a specified area & time

Ratio

relation of 1 population subgroup to another subgroup

Rate

frequency of demographic events in population during specified time period divided by population at risk that time

Incidence

the number of individuals who develop a specific disease at a given time

Prevalence

the number of individuals that have a specific disease at a given time

Proportion

the relation of a population subgroup to the entire population

Vital Statistics

branch of biometry that deals with data & law of human mortality, morbidity, and demography

Census

the total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data pertaining to all persons in a country

Every 10 years

Interval/frequency of census collection

Valid

a quality of health indicators wherein they should measure what they’re supposed to measure

Specific

a quality of health indicators wherein they should reflect changes only in the concerned situation

Mortality

the state of being dead

Morbidity

the state of being unhealthy/sick/ill