Religion 210 - Exam 3 Iowa State (Chase)

Protestant Fundamentalism

-Resulted from anxiety over science, biblical studies

-"Bunker" Mentality (victimization)

-Enemy of modernism

5 Protestant core beliefs in Fundamentalism

-Virgin Birth

-Vicarious Atonement (sacrifice of Christ had to happen)

-Physical resurrection

-Apocolyptic return

-inherrant scripture (biblical text has been recieved and understood correctly)

"The fundamentals: A testimony of the truth"

-1909-1910

-Published and circulated by wealthy CA oilmen

Butler Act (1925-1967)

Prohibited teaching of evolution in Tennesee public schools

Scopes trial

-John Scopes violated the Butler Act

-Supported by ACLU

-Found guilty by the court of violating law

Anti-evolutionism

-U.S public turned attention to the Great Depression then WW2

-Evolution battles reflected regional/denominational concerns

James Cardinal Gibbons (1834-1921)

-Bishop of Baltimore

-Supported labor movement

-Consultant to multiple presidents

-Saw science and religion as "twin daughters" of the same father

-Nature and its laws support the existence of a monotheistic creator

Engel vs. Vitale (1962)

SCOTUS rules that school boards may not mandate any prayer, voluntary or otherwise

Abington Vs Schmepp (1963)

SCOTUS ruled states or boards may not sponsor bible redings or christian prayer during school

Edwards vs Aguillard (1986)

SCOTUS ruled states may not teach Creationism as a scientific counterpart to natural selection

Religious Expression in Public Schools (Reading)

-Students may engage in non-disruptive religious acivity

-No captive audiences, no compelling students, no teacher/student religious participation

-May teach religious history or culture, comparative religion, scripture/literature, cultural influences

Harry Fosdick: Shall the Fundamentalists win? (Reading)

-Opposed Fundamentalism

-Modernist reaction (modern approach allows us to appreciate the bible holistically)

-5 Fundamentals, concerned that controversy is tearing Christians apart

-Baptists and presbyterians particularly divided

-We must combine new knowledge, old faith

-No time to be intolerant

-Christians must see new knowledge in same framework

-Not only 1 view of second coming

-Premillenial vs postmillenial

-Accused fundamentalists as setting up a more rigid dogma in protestantism than the pope does in catholicism

-Says young people are flocking to science because fundamentalists insist that their followers must only believe in predetermined opinions

Talmage : "The missing link" (reading)

-Criticizes evolution

-Interspecies sterility (we cannot create new species)

-Brutalizing tendency, theory is beastly

-Emphasizes a spiritual evolution, out of sin into holiness

-Humans were made a little lower than angels

-If people turn to hell, society will turn to hell

-Accuses opponents of trying to remove god from any aspect of creation as well as teaching that mind is just another part of the matter

The Pittsburgh platform (reading)

-Revelation held sacred in any religion

-Nature/scientific studies do not go against Judaism

-Bible reflects on its own primitive ideas

-Judaism is progressive, and it is their duty to participate in modern times.

-Soul is immortal, reject ideas not rooted in Judaism

"The monkey song" (Sacred song)

-goes against evolution

-Argues that god made man in his image

-Being related to a monkey is offensive to humans and also the monkey

"Culture in crisis" (Fundamentalist Material artifact)

Depicts a heavy object that says "millions of years" on it, destroying a church

Islam

-"Peace through submission/surrender to god"

-1.5 billion practicers worldwide

Salaam

Peace

Muhammad

-Born in Mecca, modern day Saudi Arabia

-Founder of Islam

Muslim

One who submits to god

Five Ultimates (Prophets)

-Jesus, Muhammad, Moses, Noah, Abraham

-All had miracles

Submission

Finding one's place (Iman)

Allah (god)

-Sovereign (" Al ilah")

-Tawhid (one, unique)

-Operates in history by revelation

-Revealed through law, no incarnations

-CANNOT burn books because they are the closest thing to god

Quran

-Meccan

-Medinah

Hadith

-Similar to Talmud

-Sharia

Salat

Daily Prayer

Zakat

-Charitabile giving

-Acknowledging dependence on god's gifts

Ramadan

-Fasting sun up to sn down

-serves to teach the equality and dependence of all human beings on gods resources, regardless of wealth or status

Jihad

The practice of strengthining ones faith in the face of our limitations as human beings

Actions towards god

-Salat

-Halal, Ramadan

Actions towards others

-Zakat

-Sharia

"What is Sharia?" (reading)

-Sharia is the universe of ideas

-There are many schools of Sharia

-Sharia incorporates Quran, Hadith (commentary), legal precedents, and individual reasoning

-There are different versions at different times and places

-How people try to apply moral principles to a changing world

-No central authority means that individuals are responsible for their decisions and reasons

-Involves fiqh(4 codes) (Understanding and underschores the distinction between gods prescriptions and humans attempt to understand)

-Sharia can be divided into religious observations and civil-criminal matters

-Quran and sunna are used to create malleable codes of conduct according to circumstances

-Criminal sanctions, giving to the poor, how to properly wash for prayer are all covered by sharia

Current, American Muslims

-Mostly middle class and mainstream

-Observant and pluralistic at comparable rates to christians

-Identify a need for more islamic institutions

-1/3 African American, 1/3 Middle eastern/north african, 1/3 south asian

Mandinka

-Upper classes converted to Islam in the 14th centruy via Fulani

-Writing as Art and Knowledge

-Faith continued in slave families

-Both Islam and Ethnicity important for social stratification

Omar Bin Said Autobiography (Reading)

-Wealthy fula Islamic scholar from Senegal, performed pilgrimmages

-Captured and sold in 1807

-Secretely condemmed slave trade and slavery

-Publically christian

-States that he followed ablution with water, prayer several times a day, as well as almsgiving

-Looking inward to see our flaws and taking into account our sins

-God looks after all and supplies wants, so that you may take his gifts and enjoy them

-People are ungrateful

-Truth were by Jesus

Bilali (Material artifact)

-19th century arabic manuscript on West African Islamic law

-Written by Bilali mohammad in costal georgia

1878-1924 (Islam)

Homesteaders begin to escape ottoman empire

1920 (Islam)

Settle in cedar rapids, ND, MI, PA, ME

1990 + (Islam)

Spike in Islam population

Alexander Russell Webb

-Appointed American Consul in Philipines (1887)

-Newspapers and study circles

-Parliament of world religions (Similar to vivekananda)

-Islamic Study circles in: Chicago, Washington DC, Kansas city, Pittsburgh, NYC

Ahmadiyga Muslim Community (From South Asia)

-1st USA muslim organiation

-Established in 1920

-South Asian reform movement

-Source of the first USA Islamic texts and manuals

-Ministry centered around Detroit and Chicago

-1924-1965 Source of American Islam

Pew research muslim article

-More than 1 way to interpret Islam

-Muslims tend to be more religious than Christians

-Muslims argue that religion is very important and may pray salat

-40% of muslims go to mosque weekly

Muslims in American politics

Muslims were drawn to republican party until events like the second gulf war as well as 9/11, then they were drawn to the democratic party

Slave Trade (Islam)

-Brought many muslims to the US

-15-20% imported slaves were muslim

How many slaves were traded in the slave trade?

Around 16 million

Slaveholders view on missionaries (1640-1760)

-they suspected that english law forbade enslaving Christians (Baptism could mean emancipation)

-Christianity might "spoil" slaves, and make them rebellious

-Converting Africans would make them more like colonists

-Labor, not souls, was the slaveholder priority

Anglican missionaries (1640-1760)

-Had to convince masters of a duty to instruct slaves in the Christian gospel

-But had to deny that spiritual equality impaired worldy equality

Evangelicals succeeded b/c (1760 onwards, newer protestants)

-Emotional conversion emphasized for baptism

-Instruction/education deemphasized

-conversion as liberation autonomy

-Evangelical ecstatic worship very similar to African ecstatic worship

-challenged authority

-did not require them to speak english

African Methodist Episcopal Church

-Started by Richard Allen

-Formed from Free African Society

-Started in Philedelphia

-Emphasizes education, literacy and economic development

-Creation more sociological rather than theological

-Membership increased after the civil war

Richard Allen

-Former slave who bought himself and his brother

-Converted and liscensed by methodists

-Given a 5am timselot to preach, Made white preachers mad b/c it took their audience away

-Started Free African Society in 1787

3 African American Methodist dominations

-African Methodist episcopal church

-AME Zion church

-Colored methodist episcopal church

Maria Fearing

-Females wanted to become missionaries

-Presbyterian missionary to Africa after war from age 56-76

Jarena Lee

-Intense conivtion, justification, and sanctification

-Visions of apolocalypse b/c slavery

-Knew Richard Allen

-Pre-war preaching along N-S boarder (very dangerous)

"Joshua fit de battle of Jericho" (Sacred song)

-Black spiritual: god wills freedom not slavery

-Focuses on passages that stresses liberation

Jarena Lee Autobiography (reading)

-Involved in deep spiritual protestantism, on convinction stage

-Uses conviction + Justification

-Conviction: "Description of my condition struck me to the heart"

-Take into philadelphia + Richard Alen

-Her physical health correlates with religious sickness/state

-Justification means you don't have to eat fruit of sanctification, sanctification roots in justification

-Does not talk about family or children, but rather her religio

-Confrontation with male ministers

-Sanctification: tied to a closer kinship with divine power

Black christ (material artifact)

God chose to incarnante as an oppressed person of color

The Great Migration (1915-1925)

-1/2 million African Americans move north b/c economic opportunity (war industry needs factory workers, europeans cut off b/c WW1) (also less anti black laws)

-Created urban social enclaves, fuels new Christian and Islamic growth

-500,000 people migrated

Tricknology

-Using deception and manipulation to disempower a weaker group

-Teach black people to be racist within themselves

-systematic colonization, parasitism that black people saw how white culture dominated black culture

Holy Blackness

-If blackness can be godly then god can be black

-Turns into self reliance

Self Reliance

-Taught people that their diets kept them weak but strong enough for slaveholders

-connects Moral reform and health reform

Adopting islam

-holy blackness

-Self reliance

-moral reform

-Economic reform

Moral reform

-Against birth control

-problems existed b/c of systematic destruction

Elijah Mohammad (Black Muslims)

-Leader of the nation of Islam in America

-Started in 1930

"Narrative of the life of a slave" (Frederick Douglass) (Reading)

-Had hope that religion of slaveholders would lead them to freedom

-Religion made slaveholders less humane

-Slaveholders justified abuse by using bible passages

-Slave biblical literacy was seen as a threat

-Chrisitanity has a wide range, hate slaveholders

"Letter from Birmingham Jail" (MLK) (reading)

-"We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality tied in a single garment of destiny"

-Mentions 4 key steps of non violent resistence

-First judeo-christian document

-Prophetic impulse

-There are no outsiders

-Freedom must be DEMANDED by oppressed

-Just vs unjust laws

4 key steps of non-violent protest

1. Collection of facts to understand if there is injustice

2.Negotiation

3. Self-purification

4. Direct action

"Letters from abroad" (Malcom X) (reading)

-Overwhelming brotherhood by people of all colors and races

-talks about trip from/to mecca

-Islam erases race from society

-Africans + African americans would create effective change

-Racism is a violation of human rights, not civil rights

-White people trying to integrate in Africa

"What the Muslims want/need" (Elijah Muhammad) (Reading)

-They want freedom,justice and equality

-Want a seperate territory for people in America who's grandparents were descendents of slaves and believe slaveowners are obligated to take care of them

-Want to free islam + black people with death sentence from prision as well as to end police brutality

-Want to be exempt from taxes (no taxation without representation)

-Against intermarriage/race mixing

-believe in quran, Allah, truth in Allah, Allahs prophets

-Mental resurrection

-Blacks to be free in name, believe in segregation

"Ima talkin about the nation of Islam" (Sonia Sanchez)

-People moving to the nation of Islam

-Black truth

-Love from god

-Black stars

-Soft touch of god

Pentecost

-Holy day of Judaism and Christianity

-Takes place after Jesus has descended

Justification

-1st Blessing

-Blessing of conversion

Sanctification

-2nd Blessing

-Experience of the holy spirit

Glossilalia

-3rd blessing

-Speaking in tongues (unknown language)

Kansas

Where pentacostalism started, then expanded westward

William Seymour

-Azusa Street Revival

-wrote "apolstalic faith" due to rejection/criticism of his revival

"The Apostalic faith" (William Seymour) (Reading)

-Speaking in tongues is holy

-Holy spirit provides authority, in flow,

-Theme of healing

-Tension between them and fundamentalists

-Simple testimony- 3 blessings

-Spiritual gifts (glossalolia, healing, exorcism)

-Physical healing with spiritual healing

-holy spirit itself serves as pastor

COGIC (Church of God in Christ) (sacred song)

-Emphasizes sanctification

-Shout and praise

-Will speak or hear no evil

John Nelson Darby

-Anglo-Irish minister

-Father of Dispentionalism

-Pessimism

Dispensationalism (pre-millenial)

-Salvation history divided into specific ordained eras (correct religio at proper area)

-Last era is near

-Fits into apocolyptic coming of christ

-Opposed conventional theory

-Linked with fundamentalists and some evangelicals

Dispensational map

-Very detailed

-Chart-like

-maps out ALL salvation eras

Pentacostal dispersion in America

-Concentrated in American southeast

-Mostly in Oklahoma

Oral Roberts University prayer tower (material artifact)

-No matter how you stand, you will see a cross

-Spikes symbolize crown of thorns

-Looking down at it, 6 pointed star (Jesus is king of Jews)

-Flame at the top (symbolizes eternal flame, and tongue of axel)

Pentocostal aesthetic

1. Pre-millenial dispensationalism

2. Highly emotive, informal and Rural

3. Highly textual, inscriptive (writing on barns)(you can turn landscape into scripture)

4. Prophetic warning and redemptive blessing

Howard Finster

-Baptist pastor to sacred artist (sermon art)

-Inscribing scripture into landscape

-Inscribing land to sacred history

-Choice: Sanctification or failure

"The lord will deliver his people across Jordan" (sacred art)

-There shall be earthquake

-Emphasizes evilness of the world

-Jesus as a bridge

-And the moon became as blood

Sister Gertrude Morgan

-Married for 6 years

-Prophetic call took her to New Orleans

-Orphanage work and small pentecostal churches

-Sanctification and hierogamy in 1957

-Pentecostal/Protest art ministry

Self Portrait Canty (sister gertrude morgan)

-Emphasizes bible refrences that talk about marriage

-Divine marriage w/ Jesus

-Important because interracial marriage with Jesus

Vatican II (1962-1965)

-"Throwing open the windows of the church"

-Use of vernacular

-Priest faces congegration

-More call/response

-Changes adapt to culture

-Local flavor, relaxed dress

-Revive the role of scripture as authority

Criticism of Vatican II

Secularizing, TOO modern

Problems putting strain on American Catholic community

1. Problem of ethnicity (linguistic enclaves made it difficult for just one religious community)

2. Problem of pluralism (too much protestant control)

Avery Dulles "The way we worship" reading

-Outlining views of debate (otherwordly catholic and this wordly believer

-Otherwordly: liturgy set in stone

-This wordly: self expression (encouraged to find god within themselves)

-Tradition is the sacramental flow of authority through holy siprit, which involves some sort of change

-God gives humans actual athority

-Reconcillatory views

JFK

-First catholic president

-Only catholic president ever elected

-His assassination lead to anti-catholicism

Protestant soldiers

Catholics served during WW2 in higher amounts than

GI Bill

-Helped mainstream catholicism

-After war, catholics began to move out into suburbs and went to college

Bishop John Neumann

-Helped different catholic communities

-From Austria

-Established first catholic schools

Hand Missals

Had latin and vernacular translation of prayers

Reconciliation and Eucharist

Reformed

Our Lady of Charity (Material Artifact)

-Vision of Mary

-Caring for cuban people

-Shrine where people make pilgrimages to