Georgia test 1

Fall Line

- the point on a river where there is an abrupt drop in elevation of the land and where numerous waterfalls occur.
- it is the ancient coastline of the southern tier of North America when sea-levels wer higher
- Navigation up-stream beyond this feature stops
- ultimately towns located just beyond this natural boundary were important river ports (like Macon)
- The line in the eastern US is located where streams pass from harder to softer rocks.[E - M.Y.]

Georgia capitals

Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, Atlanta

Atlanta

- Largest city in Georgia and the Deep South
- Capital of modern Georgia
- originally named Terminus, as it became the South's most important rail hub and manufacturing center;
- set ablaze by General Sherman

James Wright

Georgia's 3rd (and last) Royal Governor. He was extremely popular and successful

Indigo, Silk

- Brought to GA by Europeans
- became a new major cash crop

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the modern-day Southeastern United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama and most likely Arkansas) in 1540, and the first documented European to have crossed the Mississippi River.

Salzburgers

Some of the first immigrants to the new Georgia colony in the 1730's From Austria came to Georgia to escape religious persecution (they were protestants, not Catholics) settled Ebenezer/New Ebenezer opposed slavery

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Savannah (1733), and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that he was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and he to lose his position as governor. Oglethorpe was a social reformer who aimed to create a haven for debtors and the impoverished, providing them an opportunity for a fresh start in America.

Georgia Trustees

They gave out land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. They also prohibited having rum and owning African Slaves.

Scottish Highlanders

- Added protection to GAs southern border
- fought with Oglethorpe to fight off the Spanish

Fletcher v. Peck

(1810) First time the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional. It protected property rights and allowed the invalidation of state laws that conflicted with the Constitution.

Worcester v. Georgia

(1832) US Supreme Court (esp. Frank Marshall) held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty. Ignored blatantly by Andrew Jackson

Battle of Bloody Marsh

In 1742, Oglethorpe's forces, along with help from the Highland Scots, surprised Spanish troops at St. Simon's Is;and and forced them back across the Florida border. This marked the beginning of a safe southern frontier for the British.

Battle of Kettle Creek

First colonial victory in Georgia on Feb. 14, 1779; important to Georgia because it increased morale and the militia was able to take horses and much needed weapons from the British

Yazoo Land Fraud

This scandal that took place in Georgia in the early 1800's & resulted in Georgia losing much land in what is now Alabama and Mississippi
- Also made the western border of Georgia the Chattahoochee River?

James Vann

In 1800, while on an East Coast trip that included a visit to Washington, D.C., Vann met a group of Moravian missionaries from North Carolina who desired to spread the Gospel and teach Cherokee children. Vann convinced them to move to Spring Place, south of the soon-to-be-built Vann House, to start a mission and school. He presented his idea to the tribal council, in part so his two-year old son Joseph might attend. That autumn the Moravians would have a school. Many of the mixed-blood Cherokee supported Vann. The council vote was in favor of the Moravians

Joseph Vann

Cherokee plantation owner, son of Chief James Vann, who had his land confiscated because he hired a white man to work for him

Siege of Savannah

American Revolution battle in GA; loss for Georgia as the militia and continental army failed to retake GA's capital city from British control

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) Established that Indian tribes are a "domestic dependent nation" under the care of the U.S. Government and therefore not a foreign nation with the right to sue in federal court

Treaty of Indian Springs

A treaty signed in 1825 by which the Lower Creek gave up all their land east of the Oconee war
- where the creek Indians burned houses, stole cattle, and more - for $200,000

Sequoyah

Cherokee leader who developed the alphabet for the Cherokee language.

Eugene Talmadge

GA Governor during the Great Depression; served 2 terms. Was popular among rural farmers, county unit system helped get him elected. Was a white supremacist, tried to fire those who supported integration of schools. Was against the New Deal; his opposition to it hurt rural farmers.

Three Governors Controversy

- Eugene Talmadge had served two terms as governor and could not run again.
- Ellis Arnall was elected and served only one term
- Eugene ran, again, against him and won, but died before he was inaugurated.
- Newly elected Lt. governor Melvin Thompson believed he was to be governor since the new state constitution stated the Lt. governor was to take over if the governor could not
- Herman Talmadge (Eugene's son) was placed in office by the General Assembly.
- Ellis Arnall refused to leave office until the matter was settled.
- State supreme court stated General Assembly's action was unconstitutional, and Thompson was placed in office until a special election was held.
- Herman Talmadge won the special election

Robert Toombs

-A senator and extremist from Georgia who said that the South would never let the federal government be controlled by the Republican party; lead the fight for secession against Stephens; Whig party; a founding father of the Confederacy. Writer of confederate constitution.

Georgia Gold Rush

The discovery of gold near the Georgia city Dahlonega led to the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians (known as the Trail of Tears)

Trail of Tears

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. Devastating effects, More than 4,000 perished

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866); in 1838, removed the Cherokee from their homes and lead them west during the Trail of Tears; became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852.

Western and Atlantic Railroad

The only real railroads left operational after the Civil War

Alexander Stephens

Georgia Congressman who supported the Georgia Platform in 1850 and fought against secession in 1861 but eventually became the Vice President of the Confederate States of America.

Georgia Platform

Georgia's reaction to the Compromise of 1850 - that is would support California becoming a free state as long as northern states abided by the fugitive slave act.

Eli Whitney

A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves.

Battle of Chickamauga

Fought September 19-20, 1863, marked the end of a Union offensive in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia called the Chickamauga Campaign. The battle was the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater of the American Civil War and involved the second highest number of casualties in the war following the Battle of Gettysburg. It was the first major battle of the war that was fought in Georgia.

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

Fought on June 27, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign of the civil War. It was the most significant frontal assault launched by Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman against the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, ending in a tactical defeat for the Union forces.

William T. Sherman

Union General, forever immortalized by being the first general to use total war. He marched from Atlanta to the sea, pillaging and burning everything they came across. This march demoralized the South

Atlanta Campaign

was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta, Georgia, during the summer of 1864, leading to the eventual fall of Atlanta and hastening the end of the American Civil War

March to the Sea

The name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

Andersonville

One of the most brutal prison camps in the Civil War. Union prisoner of war camp near Andersonville, Georgia. Estimated 12,000 Union soldiers died there from disease and starvation. Liberated in 1865

Special Field Order 15

An order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land (forty acres and a mule) along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants to freedmen. It was rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year.

Henry Grady

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified "New South" with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

Bourbon Triumvirate

- Joseph E. Brown (ex-Confederate governor), John B. Gordon and Alfred H. Colquitt (ex-Confederate generals)
- maintained power from 1872-1890
- focused on industrializing the stated for their own profit, and white-supremacist racial doctrine

Thomas Watson

A politician, attorney, newspaper editor, and writer from Georgia. In the 1890's Watson championed poor farmers as a leader of the Populist Party, articulating an agrarian political viewpoint while attacking business, bankers, railroads, Democratic President Grover Cleveland, and the Democratic Party.

Atlanta Race Riot of 1906

Mass civil disturbance in Atlanta, September 22-24, 1906 characterized at the time by Le Petit Journal and other media outlets as a "racial massacre of negroes". The death toll of the conflict was at least 25 African Americans along with 2 confirmed European Americans

Albany Movement

Desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, quickly became a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city. Bus stations, libraries, and lunch counters reserved for White Americans were occupied by African Americans, boycotts were launched, and hundreds of protesters marched on City Hall.

County unit system

1917-1962 affected primary elections only (where we narrow down what candidate from which party will run for a particular office) the 121 smallest counties had the ability to control elections even though 67% of voters lived in the 38 largest counties

Leo Frank

A Jewish man charged with the murder of MARY PHAGAN. Originally sentenced to death but Governor reduced to life in prison. Tom Watson led a public outcry and a group of angry men kidnapped him from jail and lynched him. His case led to rebirth of KKK in GA

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement

Martin Luther King, Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. He opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

William B. Hartsfield

Longest serving of the progressive mayors. He purchased a racetrack that became Atlanta's first airport (Hartsfield International Airport-today is the busiest airport in the world). "Father of Atlanta Aviation".

City too Busy to Hate

atlanta was too busy making money from all its new companies that it didn't have time for racial hate

Ivan Allen, Jr.

Allowed AA police to arrest whites and allowed AA's to serve as firefighters. By 1964 he desegregated all public facilities (including schools) in ATL. Forward Atlanta (economy boomed). Brought the following to Atlanta: Braves(baseball), Falcons (football), and the Hawks (basketball).

Sam Massel

First Jewish mayor of atl in 1969

Herman Talmadge

- Eugene Talmadge's Son.
- Governor for 2 terms,
- Expanded education to grades 1-12 and lengthened to 9 months
- Created 3% sales tax to pay for educational changes
- later, became a U.S. Senator

Ellis Arnall

- Ga Governor. He reformed GA;s government by: removing the Board of Regents from the Governor's office, lowering the voting age to 18 years old, abolishing the poll tax in Georgia. revising the state's constitution, and paying off state debt. First governor to serve 4 year term

Carson McCullers

A GA writer of novels, short stories, plays, essays, and poetry. Her first novel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, explores the spiritual isolation of misfits and outcasts in a small town of the U.S. South. Her other novels have similar themes and most are set in the deep South.

Lester Maddox

A restaurant owner ('Picknick') and segregationist who went on to become governor. He closed his restaurant instead of desegregating it. As governor he held, "Little People Days" at the governor's mansion where he met with citizens.
- Went on to do more for African Americans than all other governors before him; including, appointing more African-Americans to government positions than any previously, and raised teacher salaries

Andrew Young

Aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Ga's first black representative to the House of Representatives since Reconstruction. US Ambassador to the United Nations. Succeeded Jackson as mayor. Brought the Democratic Convention to Georgia and the 1996 Olympics to Atlanta

Sibley Commission

Investigation by lawyer John Sibley to determine what should be done about integration in the state; though 60% of Georgians claimed they would rather close the public schools than integrate, Sibley recommended that public schools desegregate on a limited basis.

Hope Scholarship

A scholarship program established in 1993 that provides money for tuition, fees, and books for Georgia high school students who graduate with a B average and who choose to attend one of Georgia's public colleges or universities; students who choose to attend a private Georgia college or university may be eligible for scholarships of up to $3,000.