Cell Cycle

Interphase

Interphase

The 1st phase of the cell cycle consists of G1, S, and G2

G1 Stage

When cells are maturing by making more cytoplasm and Organelles (baby cells)

Synthesis (S) Stage

DNA is copied/replicated (teenage cells)

G2 Stage

All cell structures needed for division are made (e.g. centrioles)

Mitosis

The dividing of the nucleus and the asexual reproduction of Eukaryotic Cells

Prophase

Chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form visible chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and Nucleus are broken down. Eventually, the chromosomes look like worms and the nucleolus is gone-1st stage of mitosis.

Image of Prophase

Metaphase

chromosomes move to center of cell. Chromosomes now lined up at equator-2nd phase of mitosis

Image of Metaphase

Anaphase

Sister Chromatids are ripped apart to opposite poles of the cells. Shortest phase of mitosis- 3rd phase of mitosis

Image of Anaphase

Telophase

Sister chromatid end up @ opposite poles. Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids. Nucleolus reappears-last phase of mitosis

Image of telophase

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm and cell into 2 identical halves called daughter cells

Daughter Cells

Have exact same DNA as parent and each other. Smaller than parent cell, until G1. Cells are diploid

Cancer

Uncontrolled Cell cycle going crazy

Oncogenes

special proteins that increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumor cell

Asexual Reproduction

cells end up exactly the same: via Mitosis and Binary Fission

Binary Fission

Bacteria Division

Sexual Reproduction

Cell DNA gets mixed up (not identical to the parents)-via Meiosis

Meiosis

New cells (egg and sperm) are produced for creating a new organism. 2 parents needed. Takes more time and energy. Has 2 divisions (you get 4 cells and 1/2 the DNA)

Gametes

Egg and Sperm

Spermatogenesis

Baby sperm cells that occurs in the testes of the males

Oogenesis

Baby egg cells occurs in the ovaries in females

Zygote

first diploid cell

How do egg+sperm reproduce?

2 haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to form a diploid (2n)

Haploid

half DNA

Diploid

full set of DNA

Replication

Duplication of a chromosome occurs prior to division.

Sister Chromatids

Replicated copies of chromosomes.

Centromere

Where the sister chromatids are held together

Homologs

One of a pair of chromosomes that segregate from one another during meiosis 1

Extra DNA?

BAD for animals, GOOD for plants (they love it)

Meiosis must do what?

reduce chromosome # by half-fertilization then restores the 2n number

Meiosis 1

Homologs separate. Same stages P1, M1, A1, T1

Meiosis 2

Sister chromatids separate

Prophase 1

Homologs Pair, crossing over, chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nuclear envelope fragments, tetrads form

Synopsis

When 2 Homologous chromosomes join a Tetrad

Tetrad

2 joined chromosomes aka the fantastic 4

Metaphase 1

Homologous pairs are lined up at the equator

Anaphase 1

Homologs separate and move to opposite poles

Teleophase 1

Nuclear envelopes reassemble, spindle disappears, cytokinesis divides cell into 2, each cell has 1N (haploid)

Results of Meiosis

Gametes form, 4 haploids cells with one copy of each chromosome. 1 allele of each gene

Allele

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

Image of Interphase

Image of Metaphase 1/2

Image of Telophase 1/2

Image of Anaphase 1/2

Image of Prophase 1/2