Abnormal
a person's behaviour and/or psychological state are sufficiently unusual
statistical infrequency
occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic compared to the rest of the population e.g. more/less intelligent
IQ and intellectual disability disorder
name the example associated with statistical infrequency
deviation from social norms
concerns behaviours that are different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society
culture
social norms are reliant on the [________] we live in
antisocial personality disorder
name the example associated with deviation from social norms
failure to function adequately
occurs when someone is unable to cope with the ordinary demands of day to day living
rosenhan and seligman 1989
who proposed the signs of when someone fails to function adequately
signs of failure to function adequately
when a person can no longer conform to standard interpersonal rules e.g. maintaining eye contact, when a person experiences severe personal distress, when a person's behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to themselves
intellectual disability disorder
if a person has a very low IQ and are failing to function adequately what could they be diagnosed with/
deviation from ideal mental health
occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health
jahoda 1958
who proposed the criteria for good mental health
no symptoms or distress, rational and perceive ourselves accurately, self actualise, cope with stress, realistic view of the world, good self esteem and lack guilt, independent of others, successfully work, love and enjoy leisure
what was the criteria jahoda set for good mental health
phobia
an irrational fear of an object or situation
behaviour
ways in which people act
emotion
ways in which people feel
cognitive
ways in which people think, perceive and believe
excessive fear and anxiety
all phobias are characterised by what 2 factors?
specific phobia
phobia of an object e.g. animal or situation
social anxiety / social phobia
phobia of a social situation e.g. public speaking or public toilets
agoraphobia
phobia of being outside / in a public place
panic, avoidance, endurance
3 behavioural characteristics of phobias
anxiety, unreasonable emotional responses
2 emotional characteristics of phobias
selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions
3 cognitive characteristics of phobias
depression
a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels
major depressive disorder
severe but often short term depression
persistent depressive disorder
long term or recurring depression including sustained major depression
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Childhood temper tantrums are an example of what
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
disruption to mood prior to and or during menstruation
activity levels, disruption to sleep and eating behaviour, aggression and self harm
name the 3 behavioural characteristics of depression
lowered mood, anger, lowered self esteem
name the 3 emotional characteristics of depression
poor concentration, dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking
name the 3 cognitive characteristics of depression
OCD obsessive compulsive disorder
a condition characterised by obsessive and/or compulsive behaviour
trichotillomania
compulsive hair pulling
hoarding disorder
compulsive gathering of possessions and the inability to part with anything regardless of its value
excoriation disorder
compulsive skin picking
compulsions avoidance
name the behavioural characteristics of OCD
repetitive reduce anxiety
name the 2 elements to compulsions
anxiety and distress, accompanying depression, guilt and disgust
name the emotional characteristics of OCD
obsessive thoughts, cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions, insight into excessive anxiety
Name the cognitive characteristics of OCD
Behavioural approach
A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
Classical conditioning
Learning by association
Operant conditioning
A form of learning in which a behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
Mowrer 1960
Who developed the 2 process model?
2 process model
Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
Systematic Desensitization
A behavioural therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response. Involves drawing up a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations related to the phobic stimulus, teaching the patient to relax.
Reciprocal inhibition
Impossibility to feel opposite emotions at the same time, one emotion prevents other e..g fear and relaxation
Anxiety hierarchy, relaxation, exposure
3 processes involved in SD
Flooding
A behavioural therapy in which a phobic patient is exposed to an extreme form of phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety
Informed consent
What must patients provide if they wish to be treated using flooding?