Psychology Psychopathology - KO Full

Abnormal

a person's behaviour and/or psychological state are sufficiently unusual

statistical infrequency

occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic compared to the rest of the population e.g. more/less intelligent

IQ and intellectual disability disorder

name the example associated with statistical infrequency

deviation from social norms

concerns behaviours that are different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society

culture

social norms are reliant on the [________] we live in

antisocial personality disorder

name the example associated with deviation from social norms

failure to function adequately

occurs when someone is unable to cope with the ordinary demands of day to day living

rosenhan and seligman 1989

who proposed the signs of when someone fails to function adequately

signs of failure to function adequately

when a person can no longer conform to standard interpersonal rules e.g. maintaining eye contact,
when a person experiences severe personal distress,
when a person's behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to themselves

intellectual disability disorder

if a person has a very low IQ and are failing to function adequately what could they be diagnosed with/

deviation from ideal mental health

occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

jahoda 1958

who proposed the criteria for good mental health

no symptoms or distress,
rational and perceive ourselves accurately,
self actualise,
cope with stress,
realistic view of the world,
good self esteem and lack guilt,
independent of others,
successfully work, love and enjoy leisure

what was the criteria jahoda set for good mental health

phobia

an irrational fear of an object or situation

behaviour

ways in which people act

emotion

ways in which people feel

cognitive

ways in which people think, perceive and believe

excessive fear and anxiety

all phobias are characterised by what 2 factors?

specific phobia

phobia of an object e.g. animal or situation

social anxiety / social phobia

phobia of a social situation e.g. public speaking or public toilets

agoraphobia

phobia of being outside / in a public place

panic,
avoidance,
endurance

3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

anxiety,
unreasonable emotional responses

2 emotional characteristics of phobias

selective attention to the phobic stimulus,
irrational beliefs,
cognitive distortions

3 cognitive characteristics of phobias

depression

a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

major depressive disorder

severe but often short term depression

persistent depressive disorder

long term or recurring depression including sustained major depression

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Childhood temper tantrums are an example of what

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

disruption to mood prior to and or during menstruation

activity levels,
disruption to sleep and eating behaviour,
aggression and self harm

name the 3 behavioural characteristics of depression

lowered mood,
anger,
lowered self esteem

name the 3 emotional characteristics of depression

poor concentration,
dwelling on the negative,
absolutist thinking

name the 3 cognitive characteristics of depression

OCD obsessive compulsive disorder

a condition characterised by obsessive and/or compulsive behaviour

trichotillomania

compulsive hair pulling

hoarding disorder

compulsive gathering of possessions and the inability to part with anything regardless of its value

excoriation disorder

compulsive skin picking

compulsions
avoidance

name the behavioural characteristics of OCD

repetitive
reduce anxiety

name the 2 elements to compulsions

anxiety and distress,
accompanying depression,
guilt and disgust

name the emotional characteristics of OCD

obsessive thoughts,
cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions,
insight into excessive anxiety

Name the cognitive characteristics of OCD

Behavioural approach

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning

Classical conditioning

Learning by association

Operant conditioning

A form of learning in which a behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences

Mowrer 1960

Who developed the 2 process model?

2 process model

Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

Systematic Desensitization

A behavioural therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response. Involves drawing up a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations related to the phobic stimulus, teaching the patient to relax.

Reciprocal inhibition

Impossibility to feel opposite emotions at the same time, one emotion prevents other e..g fear and relaxation

Anxiety hierarchy,
relaxation,
exposure

3 processes involved in SD

Flooding

A behavioural therapy in which a phobic patient is exposed to an extreme form of phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety

Informed consent

What must patients provide if they wish to be treated using flooding?