Something

Increases

As SA/V \___, exchange with the environment \___.

FlatteningFoldingProjectionsBranchingdecrease in size

What increase SA/V?

DO NOT NEED HIGH

The small organisms \___________ specialized, extensively branched or folded structures to enable sufficient exchange with the environment since their SA/V is so \____.

NEED LOW

Large organisms with complex body plans (humans) \_____ extensively branched or folded internal structures specialized for exchanging materials since their SA / V ratio is \____.

Small intestine, For digestion and absorption of nutrients (Glucose).

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the digestive system and why?

Capillaries, To transport O2, Glucose, and to remove CO2

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the circulatory system and why?

Alveoli, To maximize gas exchange, bringing O2 and get rid of CO2.

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the respiratory system and why?

Nephrons, To maximize blood filtration in kidneys and gets rid of Urea but keeps water and salts.

What has the highest SA/V ratio in the excretory system and why?

Epithelial tissue

What covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body?

Form\= Thin and leaky Function \= Exchanging of material by diffusion. Lines capillaries, alveoli of lungs

What is the form\=function of the simple squamous epithelium?

Form\= surfaces subject to abrasion Function\= Regenerates rapidly to replace cells that get “sloughed” or rubbed off. Skin, mouth, limning of esophagus.

What is the form\=function of the Stratified squamous epithelium?

Form\=Big cells Function\=Absorption and secretion Stomach, small intestine, and kidneys

What is the form\=function of the Cuboidal and Columnar epithelium?

Erythrocytes (RBC): Carry O2 and CO2Leukocytes (WBC): DefensePlatelets: Clotting

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

Homeostasis

What is maintaining an internal “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment?

37C

What is the human set point for body temperature?

7.4

What is the human set point for blood pH?

0.7-1.1 mg/ml

What is the human set point for blood glucose concentration?

Negative feedback

What returns a variable to its normal range or a set point?

Positive feedback

What amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals?

Thermoregulation

what is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range?

Endothermic

Animals (Birds and Mammals) generate heat by metabolism is called?

Ectothermic

Animals gain heat from external sources is called?

C6H12O6+6O2 → CO2+6H2O+ATP+Body Heat

What is the chemical reaction for cell respiration?

InsulationCirculatory adaptationsCooling by evaporative heat lossBehavioral responsesAdjusting metabolic heat production.

What are the 5 ways animals balance heat gain and loss?

InsulationCooling by evaporative heat loss

What decreases in heat loss?

Circulatory adaptationsBehavioral responses

What decrease and increases in heat?

Adjusting metabolic heat production

What increases in heat?

Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, causes death by overheating.

What is the genetic disease - born with few or no sweat glands.

Chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients.

An animals diet must supply..

Fuel to make ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Body HeatOrganic materials for biosynthesis

Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs..

4 classes

How many classes are in essential nutirents?

Essential amino acids

What essential nutrients deals with meats, egg, chesses, and includes vegetarians?

Essential fatty acids

What essential nutrient deals with seeds, grains, and veggies?

Essential Vitamins

What essential nutrients is organic, that if you don’t eat you’ll get sick?

Essential Minerals

What essential nutrients is inorganic, like iron and sulfur?

Deformities, disease, and death.

Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause?

High blood pressure

What is the effect of too much salt (NaCl)?

Muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, and heart failure.

What is the effect of too little K?

Iron-deficiency, anemia, weakness, and impaired immunity.

What is the effect of too little Fe?

Malnourishmnet

What is long-term absence of 1 or more essential nutrients?

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination

What are the main stages of food processing?

Ingestion (Eating)

What is a mechanical breakdown and digestion of food begins?

Digestion

What is enzymatic breakdown of polymers into their monomer and break down food into molecules small enough to absorb?

Absorption

What uptakes nutrients by body cells?

Elimination

What is it when undigested material exits the digestion system?

Mammalian digestive system

Organ specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the \__ \__ __?

Alimentary canal or digestive tract

What are the mammalian digestive systems called?

Accessory glands

What secret digestive “juices” through ducts, Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder?

Peristalsis Muscles

Food is pushed along by _, rhythmic contractions of _ in the wall of the canal.

Valves (Sphincters)

What regulates the movement of material between compartments?

Food

What stimulates saliva?

Amylase Mucus Buffers Antibacterial agents

What does saliva contain?

Amylase

What initiates breakdown of carbohydrate into glucose?

Mucus

What is used as lubrication and protection?

Buffers

What prevents tooth decay?

Epiglottis allows for breathing during chewing and allows for it to close when the food goes down not enter into the lungs.

What does the epiglottis do?

Elastic Hydrochloric acid Pepsinogen Mucus

, stores food and begins protein digestion by secreting _ _ (HCI) and \__ and __

Parietal cells

What secretes HCI that breaks down cells and kills most bacteria?

Chief cells

What secretes pepsinogen?

Pepsinogen + HCI \= Pepsin

What equals pepsin?

Proteins

What does pepsin break down?

Mucous

What secretes mucus that prevent HCI and pepsin from destroying the stomach?

Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori

What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?

Small intestine

What is a major organ od digestion and absorption of nutrients and is the lognest section of the alimentary canal?

Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine

Acid chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from what?

Duodenum

Where does most of the digestive occur in?

Absorption of nutrients and water

What do jejunum and ileum mainly function in?

Pancreas

What produces enzymes that digest all 4 macromolecules & bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidic chyme & insulin to absorb sugar from bloodstream?

Liver

What does glucose regulation and production of bile?

Digestive enzyme

What is being secreted in the pancreas?

bile

What is being secreted in the liver?

BILE

What is being secreted in the Gall bladder?

In the mouth and small intestine

Where is carbohydrate being digested in the human digestive system?

In the stomach and small intestine

Where is protein being digested in the human digestive system?

small intestine

Where is nucleic acid being digested in the human digestive system?

SMALL INTESTINE

Where is fat being digested in the human digestive system?

Increase rate of nutrient absorption

What does villi and microvilli function in?

The hepatic portal vein

What vein carries nutrient rich blood to the liver?

Recover H2O that has entered the alimentary canal, 90%

What is the function of the large intestine?

Stores feces until defecation out the anus

What is the function of the rectum?

10-100 trillion bacteria (400 + species)

How many bacteria/species live in human digestive tract, most;y in large intestine?

Clostridium difficile

500,000 people each year get infections - 29,000 people die.  Antibiotics is a major contributing factor leading to infection by reducing microbiome diversity.

Digestion, energy storage, and appetite

Feeback circuits regulate what?

Insulin and glucagon

What regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?

Glycose homeostasis

The Liver & pancreas are key sites for?

Glycogen synthesis

Carbohydrate-rich meals raises insulin levels & triggers what?

Low blood sugar

What causes glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen & release glucose?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + body heat

Glucose formula:

Diabetes mellitus

What is caused by a deficiency of insulin (Type 1) or a decreased response to insulin (Type 2)?

Type 1 diabetes

What type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. With an immune system that destroys beta cells of the pancreas, appears in childhood, require insulin injections, and recieves insulin from GM bacteria and fungi?

Type 2 diabetes

What type of diabetes is a failure of cells to respond normally to insulin. Results in Excess body weight & lack of exercise significantly increased risk, appears after 40, but may develop earlier in younger people who are sedentary, and is the 7th leading cause of death in humans?

Glucagonoma

What is a tumor involving the pancreas, where cells produce large amounts of glucagon – thus always breaking down glycogen into glucose AND blood glucose levels are always super high?

Diffusion

What is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concetration?

Active transport

What is the net of movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to one of high concentration?

Low to high concentration

Molecules are moved across membranes against concentration gradient.

High to low concentration

Molecules always move down concentration gradients

Facilitated diffusion

What is a passive transport that helps molecules cross the cell membrane?

Diffusion

As SA/V ratio increases so does?

DIFFUSION

As the distance of a molecule gets shorter this goes up?