AP EUROPEAN HISTORY UNIT 2 - AGE OF REFORMATION ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Illustrative examples to help with Unit 2 DBQs, SAQs, & LEQs

Anticlericalism

Anticlericalism

Growing anticlericalism - a measure of disrespect toward the clergy, stemming in part from what many perceived to be the poor perforamnce of individual clergymen during the crisis years of the Black Death

Simony

The act of buying or selling religious offices or privileges.

John Wycliffe

(1329-1384) Questioned the wordly wealth of the Church, the miracle of transubstratiation, the teachings of penance, and the selling of indulgences. In order to help with advocating for his followers to read and interprete the Biible themselves, Wycliffe translated the Bible into English.

Jan Hus

A Czech priest (1369-1415), criticized the Catholic Church, inspiring the Hussite movement. His calls for reform led to a religious uprising challenging the church's authority.

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses

Document written in 1517 challenging the Catholic Church's practices, sparking the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

Johann Tetzel

A Dominican friar who sold indulgencees throughout Germany, famous for the phrase “As soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs”. Martin Luther was strongly horrified and against the actions of Tetzel

Martin Luther’s Address to the Christian Nobility

Urged that secular governments had the right to reform the church

Martin Luther’s On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

Attacked other teachings of the Church, such as the sacraments

Martin Luther’s Liberty of a Christian Man

Basic elements of Lutheran belief: grace is the sole gift of God; therefore, one is saved by faith alone, and the Bible is the sole source of this faith

Diet of Worms

A meeting ot the German nobility to hear out Martin Luther (1521). At this meeting, Luther refused to repudiate his books unless he is proven by Scripture

Transubstantiation

One of the sacraments of the Catholic Church. The miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ, which was an act that the Catholic Church claimed could only be performed by an ordained priest

German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525

The revolt was the result of the Germany peasants’ worsening economic conditions and their misguided belief that Luther’s call for a “priesthood of all believers” was a message of social egalitarianism

Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants

Martin Luther’s response to the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525, in which he urged that no mercy be shown to the revolutionaries. This shows a more conservative side to Martin Luther

Schmalkaldic War

Fought in the 1540s between Charles and some of the Protestant princes. In 1555, Charles V was forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg as a result

Peace of Augsburg

This treaty granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in those territories ruled by a Lutheran ruler, while a Catholic ruler ensured that the territory remained Catholic

Anabaptists - “Radical Reformation”

A group of individuals who denied the idea of infant baptism, instead they beliwved that baptism works only when it is practiced by adults who are fully aware of the decision they are making. Anabaptists were opposed by both Catholics and Protestants.

Antitrinitarians - “Radical Reformation”

Denied the scriptural validitity of the Trinity, opposeed by bother Catholics and Lutherans

Ulrich Zwingli

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) was famous for preaching in and reforming the city of Zurich. As one of the most well-known leaders of the Reformation movement, Zwingli opposed the power, practices, and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church

John Calvin

(1509-1564) Main ideas are found in his Institutes of the Christian Religion , in which he argued that grace was bestowed on relatively few individuals, and the rest were consigned to hell

Calvinism

Philosophy of predestination, that you can’t change your outcome in the afterlife.

Act of Supremacy

Acknowledged the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England (Anglican Church). This is was created because Henry VIII wanted freedom away from the church regarding his divorces and marriages.

Elizabeth, the Daughter of Anne Boleyn

(r. 1558-1603) Her reign allowed for a final religious settlement, one in which the Church of England followed a middle-of-the-road Protestant course

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. Catholic Church taking steps to counteract some of the successes of the Protestant side

Index of Prohibited Books

Books banned by the Catholic Church, inluding works by writers such as Erasmus and Galileo

Papal Inquisition

Individuals who were deemed to be heretics were put to death for the religious beliefs by the Catholic Church

Council of Trent (1545 - 1563)

Council of Trent was dominated by the papacy and, in turn, enhanced its power. The council took steps to address some of the issues that had sparked the Reformation, including placing limits on simony. The council mandated that a seminary for the education of clergy should be established in every diocese. The Council of Trent refused to concede any point of theology to the Protestants. Instead they emphatically endorsed their traditional teachings on such matters as the sacraments, the role of priests, the belief that salvation comes from faith as well as works, and that the source for this faith was the Bible and the traditions of the Church

Baroque

Baroque art is characterized by being complex and ornate, and often combines painting, sculpture, and architecture to convey a single message. The style uses contrast, movement, deep color, grandeur, and surprise to create a sense of awe.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Distinguished themselves as a teaching order and also worked as Catholic missionaries in places where Lutheranism had made large inroads. Jesuits also served as advisers to Catholic kings, suppressed heresy through the Inquisition, and established schools in Catholic nations to indoctrinate the young.

Ignatius Loyola

A Spanish noble who was the founder of the Jesuits (1491-1556). Loyola’s ideas are laid out in his Spritual Exercises, in which he states his total obedience to the Church

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry of Navarre/Henry VI of France. This allowed Huguenots religious freedom

Henry of Navarre / Henry VI of France

Winner of the War of the Three Henrys. Ruled France as a politique , which is a term for people who practiced realpolitik in France. This occurred at the time due to his willingness to change religion in order to rule France.

The Thirty Years’ War

• The Thirty Years’ War was the first continent-wide war in modern history and was fought mostly in Germany. It involved the major European powers

• It was the culumination of the religious wars of the 16th century between Catholics and Protestants

• Politically, German princes sought autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire; France sought to limit the power of the Habsburgs who sought to extend power in Germany; Sweden and Denmark hoped to strengthen their hold over the Baltic region

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Catherine de’ Medici encouraged her son (the king of France at that time) to set in motion a series of organized attacks throughout France against Huguenots (French Calvinists). Around 20,000 Huguenots died.