APA 1302 Sport for Development

What does the concept of 'development' imply when applied to a nation?

It implies a need for correction or improvement due to a perceived lack of development.

How is 'international development' traditionally defined in the context of global aid?

Under-developed nations requiring aid from wealthier, developed nations.

What historical event intensified globalized development interests?

World War II.

What was a primary motivation for development aid during the Cold War?

To seek favor and allyship for Cold War powers (USA/allies vs. Soviets/allies).

What type of relationship does international development aid often engender?

A relationship of dependency.

Why does the production of commodities often benefit developed nations more than developing ones?

Developed nations encourage commodity production in developing countries, which keeps those nations poorer compared to service-based, high-skilled economies.

What is the fundamental concern regarding the 'hierarchy of power' in international development?

The idea of a 'developed' entity developing those who 'need' it, which perpetuates geopolitical and economic power relations.

What does the acronym SDP stand for?

Sport for Development and Peace.

What is the general mandate of SDP organizations?

To use participatory, local sport to support social development, such as the UN Millennium Development Goals.

How is 'Sport for Development' defined?

The intentional use of sport, physical activity, and play to attain specific development and peace objectives.

What are the two primary levels of benefits targeted by Sport for Development?

Individual benefits (e.g., life skills) and community benefits (e.g., community development).

Why is sport considered an 'ideal hook' for development programs?

Because of its popularity and the motivation it provides for youth to engage.

What types of benefits can sport yield for participants according to Danish et al. (2004)?

Both physical and psychosocial benefits.

In the context of Positive Youth Development, what is the goal of sport participation?

To reduce negative behaviors (e.g., crime, drug use) and promote positive behaviors (e.g., life skill development).

Why are organizations often keen to sponsor SDP programs?

Because SDP is often perceived as 'sexy' or attractive.

What is a major limitation regarding the values promoted in SDP programs?

They often presume universal or Western values in development.

How can SDP unintentionally perpetuate social hierarchies?

By reinforcing existing power dynamics, particularly regarding gender and race.

What critique do Cameron and Haanstra (2008) offer regarding the 'sexy' portrayal of development?

While it avoids portraying the global South as helpless victims, it presents development as an act where the most important agency is Northern charity.

What is the relationship between commodity-dependent nations and economic status?

They are typically the poorest in the world, whereas service economies are the richest.

What is the primary focus of SDP regarding conflict?

Peace building and conflict resolution.

Are SDP organizations uniform in their approach?

No, they are diverse in scope and focus.

What are three ways researchers argue sport contributes to development?

Fostering local agency, supporting social capital, and facilitating social inclusion.

What is the primary feminist critique of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) programs?

They are often run by men, perpetuate gender norms, and neglect the perspectives and needs of women and girls.

How does Darnell define 'decolonization' in the context of sport?

The sociopolitical process of challenging colonial authority and supporting self-determination.

What is the central argument of Allen Guttmann's 'Games and Empires'?

Sport was historically used as a tool of imperialism and for colonizing subjects.

What four concepts does decolonizing praxis challenge and debunk?

Universal humanism, northern stewardship, linear/scientific progress, and economic imperialism.

How does decolonizing praxis re-position the concept of 'development'?

As a social justice issue involving enduring struggles for equality within political economic constraints, rather than northern benevolence.

What is the first step in decolonizing praxis regarding inequality?

Acknowledging inequality while recognizing the Global North's responsibility in creating those inequities.

Why must program development be 'community-based' in a decolonizing framework?

To ensure the program is co-created with the local community and addresses their specific wants and needs.

How should evaluation outcomes be determined in a decolonizing praxis?

They should be co-designed, stemming directly from the wants and needs of the local community.

What is the primary goal of the Nunavik Youth Hockey Development Program?

To use hockey as a vehicle to encourage youth to stay in school and make positive life choices.

In the Nunavik Youth Hockey Development Program, what is considered 'the hook'?

Hockey.

What are the three main objectives of the Nunavik Youth Hockey Development Program?

Encourage education, develop life skills, and promote physical activity.

What is the scope of the Nunavik Youth Hockey Development Program?

It is offered to youth in all 14 communities within Nunavik.

What is the focus of development in the Nunavik Youth Hockey program?

The holistic development of the person.

Besides the children, who else is being developed in the Nunavik program?

The parents.

What behavioral outcomes does the Nunavik program aim to achieve?

Improve behavior and reduce delinquency.

What is the difference between 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' programming in SDP?

Top-down is externally driven by organizations, while bottom-up is driven by the needs and agency of the local community.

What does decolonizing praxis reject regarding 'northern benevolence'?

It rejects the notion that development is a process of northern charity or the 'maturation' of the Global South.

What is the importance of avoiding ethnocentrism in decolonizing praxis?

It ensures that local cultures, knowledges, and identities are recognized and supported rather than suppressed.

What does the Quebec minister's quote 'You're all winners' imply about the program's philosophy?

It emphasizes that the program values participation and personal growth over competitive outcomes on the ice.

Why is community involvement critical in the Nunavik program?

It ensures the program remains relevant to the community's specific context and fosters local ownership.