Untitled Flashcards Set

Australopithecus Robustus; Australopithecus Boisei

Side branches of the human family tree.

Recessive alleles

May become dominant due to survival of the fittest.

Peppered moth

Example of directional selection during the industrial revolution.

Genetic information

Helps fill in gaps in the fossil record in the modern world.

Prosimians

Means premonkey.

Chimps

Genetically the closest animals to humans.

Luis and Mary Leakey

Discovered the first hominids to make tools and weapons.

Primates

Group of mammals that includes monkeys, apes, and humans.

Cro-Mags

May have caused the extinction of Neanderthals.

Opposable

Thumbs can grasp things because they are

Prosimians

Monkey-like animals including tarsiers and lorises.

Reptiles

Mammals probably evolved from small, meat-eating

Means Upright man

Homo erectus.

Old World monkeys and apes

Evolved from anthropoids of the European-Asian-African land mass.

Soft tissues

One reason for gaps in the fossil record.

Foramen magnum

Location of ___ on the skull can determine if an organism walked upright.

Lucy

Nickname for Australopithecus afarensis discovered in 1974.

Hominids

All anthropoids that belong to the human family.

Offspring with tails

Result of Weisman cutting tails of mice.

Gradual changes in organisms as environment changes

Trend observed during Darwin's voyage on the Beagle.

Selective breeding

Farmers crossing animals with the most desirable characteristics.

Natural selection

Theory involving variation within populations and survival.

Survival of the fittest

Part of Darwin's theory based on Malthus's work.

Genetic recombination

Source of variations in a population.

Embryology (gill pouches)

Not a characteristic shared by all living organisms.

Niche

A population's way of life and its use of the environment.

Competition

Occurs when two populations try to occupy the same niche.

Teeth

Fossil remains used to learn about the diet of ancient hominids.

Evolution

Change in a population over time.

Passed onto offspring

According to Lamarck's theory an organisms acquired traits are

Disruptive selection

Selection against the most common variation.

Human-like primates

anthropoids are.

Prehensile tail

Flexible tail that allows a monkey to grip branches.

Homo-sapiens Sapiens

The only species of hominids still living.

Humans

Best able to adapt to their environment.

Occurs when environmental conditions favor individuals at one extreme.

Occurs when environmental conditions favor individuals at one extreme.

Extreme phenotypes

Opposite of what is selected against during stabilizing selection.

Black Peppered moths

Which moths survived when England became industrialized.

Genetics

Study of all traits in a population.

Gene pool

Combined genetic makeup of all members of a population.

Frequency

Genetic drift causes accidental change in allele gene .

Australopithecus afarensis

Lucy is

Species

Population of organisms that can interbreed to produce healthy offspring.

Convergent evolution

When differing species evolve similar characteristics.

Adaptive radiation

Multiple branching of a family tree.

Pelvic girdle

Fossil structures studied to determine Australopithecus afarensis could walk.

Genetic Equilibrium

Constant state of allele frequency with no evolution.

Artworks and tools

What Cro-Magnon culture left behind.

Galapagos Islands

Which islands impressed Darwin the most.

Divergent evolution

Example of polar bear and brown bear evolution.

Disruptive selection

When the most common phenotype is selected against.

Smaller

Genetic drift has a greater effect on ____ngh populations.

Porpoise

A bird is to a bat as a penguin is to a

Homo sapien

Species of hominids with the largest brain.

Homo Habilis

Species known for making tools.

Lamarck

Work led to the Principle of Inheritance of acquired traits.

Lamarck

Said that a man losing his thumb will have offspring without a thumb.

Smaller genes

What frequency has no bearing on evolution.

Absence

Genetic equilibrium requires the ___ of genetic mutation.

Opposable thumbs, arms move freely around the shoulder joint, larger brains

Three main characteristics of the primates.

Prosimians

Premonkey; examples include lorises, pottos, lemurs, and tarsiers.

New World monkeys

Have strong flexible prehensile tails and broad flat noses; e.g., spider monkey.

Old World monkeys

With long prominent noses and non-prehensile tails; examples include baboons.

Australopithecus africanus

Southern African.

Homo sapien

wise man.

Homo erectus

upright man

Homo habilis

handy man.

Divergent evolution

When organisms become reproductively isolated; e.g., polar bears and brown bears.

Convergent evolution

Different organisms evolve similar characteristics; e.g., penguin and porpoise.

Adaptive radiation

Multiple branching of a family tree, e.g., Darwin's finches.

Lamarck's theory

As giraffes stretched their necks, their children were born with longer necks.

Darwin's theory

Long neck giraffes were fitter for the environment than short necks.

Weisman experiment

Cut tails of mice for 22 generations; offspring still had tails.

Lyell's idea

Influenced Darwin's theory by suggesting earth is more than 5000 years old.

Malthus's idea

Populations grow too fast for resources, leading to survival of the fittest.

Similar in function but not inherited from a common ancestor; e.g., penguin and porpoise.

analogous structures

Homologous structures

Similar in function believed to be from a common ancestor; e.g., polar bears and brown bears.

Vestigial structures

Inherited structure but lost most original function; e.g., wisdom teeth.

Genetic Equilibrium guidelines

Must include no natural selection, random mating, no migration, no mutation.

Environment favors individuals at one extreme of normal distribution.

Directional selection

Disruptive selection

Common phenotype selected against, can lead to new species.

Stabilizing selection

Common phenotype favored, reducing extreme individuals.

Lamarck

Said traits acquired in life are passed down.

August Weisman

Cut off mice tails, disproving inherited acquired traits.

Charles Darwin

Observed gradual changes in life as the environment changed.

Lyell

Geologist who suggested earth is more than 5000 years old.

Malthus

Suggested populations grow faster than resources, leading to survival of the fittest.