Untitled Flashcards Set

Australopithecus ________________ and Australopithecus _______________ were probably side branches of the human family tree that

Robustus; Boisei

__________________ alleles may become dominant due to survival of the fittest.

Recessive

The ________________________ during the industrial revolution is a good example of directional selection.

Peppered moth

In the modern world ______________________ is helping to fill in gaps in the fossil record.

Genetic info

________________________ means premonkey.

Prosimian

The __________________ is genetically the closest animal to the human.

Chimps

Some gaps in the fossil record are now being filled in by _____________________ research.

Genetic

Who discovered the first hominids to make tools and weapons? ________________________

Luis and Mary Leaky

This group of mammals includes monkeys, apes, and humans. _______________________

Primates

What may have caused the extinction of the Neanderthals? ______________________________

Cro Mags (Breed or ran them out)

The thumbs of humans can grasp things because they are ___________________________

Opposable

The tarsier and the loris are monkey like animals known as _________________________

Prosimians

Mammals probably evolved from small, meat-eating ____________________.

reptiles

What does the name Homo erectus mean? _____________________

Upright man

Anthropoids of the European-Asian-African land mass evolved into ____________________________________

Old World monkeys and apes

______________ tissues are one reason for gaps in the fossil record.

Soft

The location of the _____________________ on the skull can help determine if an organism walked upright.

Foramen magnum

Australopithecus afarensis was discovered in 1974 and was nicknamed ______________________.

Lucy

All the anthropoids that belong to the human family are called ________________________

Hominids

Lamark's hypothesis was disproven by Weisman, who showed that mice with severed tails had _______________________

offspring with tails

As Darwin's voyage on the Beagle progressed, what gradual trend did he observe?

Gradual changes in organisms as environment changes

Farmers crossing animals with the most desirable characteristics is__________________________________

Selective breeding

Variation within populations, favorable variations, and many die, few survive are all a part of the theory of ________________________

Natural Selection

The part of Darwin's theory that is based on Malthus's work is known as _____________________________.

Survival of the fittest

Variations in a population come from mutation and ___________________________

Genetic recombination

Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all living organisms?

embryology(gill pouches)

A population's way of life and its use of the environment is called its

niche

Whenever two populations try to occupy the same niche, _____________________________________

competition

What fossil remains can scientists use to learn about the diet of ancient hominids? ________________________

teeth

Change in a population over a period of time is known as _____________________

evolution

According to the Principle of the Inheritance of Acquired Traits, modifications caused by an organism's life
style are ___________________

Passed onto offspring / Inherited

Selection against the most common variation is known as _____________________ selection.

disruptive

What are anthropoids? __________________________

Human-like primates

A flexible tail that allows a monkey to grip branches while climbing is called ___________________________.

Prehensile tail

What is the only species of hominids still living? ________________________

Homo-sapiens Sapiens

Which primates are best able to adapt to their environment? __________________________

Humans

When environmental conditions favor individuals at one extreme of the normal distribution, _________________ selection takes place.

Directional

During stabilizing selection, there is selection against ______________________.

Extreme phenotypes / Extremes

When England became industrialized, soot from factories helped which moths survive? _____________________

Black Peppered moths

The study of all traits in a population is called _______________________

Genetics

The ______________________ is the combined genetic makeup of all members of a population called

Gene pool

Genetic drift is an accidental change in allele (gene)__________________.

Frequency

Which of the Australopithecus species was Lucy? _________________________

Australopithecus afarensis

A population of organisms that can interbreed to produce healthy offspring is a _____________________

Species

When different species of organisms evolve similar characteristics, how can their evolution be described?

Convergent evolution

Multiple branching of a family tree is known as_____________________ radiation.

Adaptive

What fossil structures did archaeologists study to determine that Australopithecus afarensis could walk?

Pelvic girdle

A constant state of allele frequency with no evolution is called ____________________________.

Genetic Equilibrium

We know something about Cro-Magnon culture because these people left behind __________________________.

Artworks and tools

The animals of the _________________ Islands impressed Darwin the most.

Galapagos

The polar bear and the brown bear are examples of ________________ evolution

Divergent

In _____________________ selection the most common phenotype is selected against.

Disruptive

Genetic drift has greater affect on ______________ populations.

Smaller

A bird is to a bat as a penguin is to a _________________.

Porpoise

Which of the hominids had the largest brain?

Homo sapien

Because this species of hominids could make tools, it is known as _________________________

Homo Habilis

________________'s work led to what is known as the Principle of Inheritance of acquired traits.

Lamarck

According to _________________, a man who loses his thumb and then has a child, will have an offspring lacking a thumb.

Lamarck

_____________ frequency has no bearing on evolution.

Smaller genes

Genetic equilibrium requires the presence/absence of genetic mutation

Absence

What are the three main characteristics of the primates?

Opposable thumbs, arms move freely around the shoulder joint, and have relatively larger brains

Define prosimians and give four examples

Prosimians mean premonkey some
examples are lorises, pottos, lemurs, and tarsiers

Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the New World monkeys and give an example

New world monkeys have strong flexible prehensile tails and broad flat noses
ex- spider monkey

Describe the distinguishing characteristics of both classes of Old World monkeys and give
an example of each

Old monkeys have long prominent noses and non-prehensile tails.
ex- baboons

Australopithecus africanus

Southern Africa comes from

Homo sapien means

wise man

Homo erectus means

Upright

Homo habilis means

handy man

divergent evolution

when organisms become reproductively isolated
ex polar bears and brown bears

Convergent evolution

different types of organisms evolve similar characteristics
example penguin and porpoise

Adaptive radiation

Multiple branching of a family tree an
ex darwin's finches

Lamark's theory

As the giraffe stretched its neck to reach food, the children were born with longer and longer necks

Darwin's theory

the long neck giraffes were more fit for the environment than the short neck giraffes died out

Describe the experiment Weisman used to disprove Lamark's theory

Weisman cut off the tails of mice for 22 generations however the offsprings had tails, therefore, disproving Lamark's theory

What idea of Lyell influenced Darwin's theory

Lyell suggested that the earth is more than 5000 years old

What idea of Malthus influenced Darwin's theory

Malthus suggested that Populations grow too fast for existing resources, causing "Survival of the Fittest"

analogous structure

similar in function but not inherited from a common ancestor
ex penguin and the porpoise because they are different species but similar body shapes

homologous structure

similar in function, believed from a common ancestor an example would be polar bears and brown bears

vestigial structure

structure inherited from ancestors but has lost all or most of its original function; ex. Wisdom teeth

List the four guidelines that must be followed in order for Genetic Equilibrium to occur

No natural Selection
Random mating
No migration
No Mutation

Directional selection

environment favors individuals at one extreme of the normal distribution

Disruptive selection

the most common phenotype is selected against can lead to the separation of a new type of species

Stabilization Selection

most common phenotype is favored, reducing the number of individuals at the extremes

Lamarck

traits acquired in life are passed down

August Wiseman

- cut off tails of mice and offspring had tails proving that traits acquired in life are not passed down

Charles Darwin

observed graduate changes in life as its environment changed

Lyell

geologist that determined that since the Earth takes so long to change that it must be more than 5,000 years old

Malthus

Populations grow faster than resources leading to survival of the fittist

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