world history ch. 20 test-the great war

how were pajamas invented in the midst ww1?

in the middle of night londoners had to go to bomb shelters during german air raids, but women wanted to look put together in public thus the invention of cute pj sets

describe the evolution of using planes as a tool in ww1

they were mostly used for enemy surveillence but morphed into weapons for fights in the air; at first a pilot would hold a pistol out the plane window to shoot at enemies but by the end of the war machine guns were attached to the planes

what were 3 examples of international cooperation leading up to ww1?

the red cross, the pan-american union, the international telegraph union

what role did andrew carnegie play in international cooperation?

he donated funds to build the hague, a place he intended for settling international disputes

name and describe four reasons for fear leading up to ww1?

1. extreme nationalism-excessive patriotism and desire to extend nation's borders 2. militarism-overpowering of militaries 3. imperialism-competition for colonies 4. rival alliances-used for protection

what was bismarck's system?

german system of alliances to isolate france

what was the dual alliance?

germany and austria-hungary alliance to protect each other if russia attacked

what was the triple alliance?

germany, austria-hungary, and italy (anti-french)

reinsurance treaty

germany's secret alliance with russia

when wilhelm took over what 2 major mistakes did he make?

he allowed the reinsurance treaty to expire & he antagonized britain

what was the entente cordiale and who was it between?

"friendly understanding" between france and great britain

what was the triple entente?

alliance between france, britain, and russia

what was the powder keg of europe and why?

the balkans because of the high tensions and skirmishes

what group was persecuted in the 1400s? by whom? what happened?

the armenians were persecuted by the ottoman turks because the turks viewed them as a threat to their empire; by the end of their massacre 1.5-2 million armenians were killed at the hands of the turks

what spark set of ww1? describe it

the assassination of archduke francis ferdinand in sarajevo by a member of the black hand

what were the major members of the central powers?

austria-hungary, germany, ottoman empire

what were the major members of the allied powers?

france, great britain, italy, u.s

describe war in the west?

smaller area, mostly trench warfare, slow advancing

describe war in the east?

larger area, quicker advancing of troops, more brutal, fluid fighting

describe italy's role in the war?

declared neutrality in the beginning but joined the allies because they were offered a loan and territory

what 2 things kept russian armies from being effective early in the war?

inadequacy of factories producing supplies & inability to receive supplied from allies due to frozen ports in the north and german control of the baltic sea

new weapons in the war?

machine guns, "big bertha" gun, flamethrowers, grenades, tanks, weaponized planes, submarines (u-boats), poisonous (mustard) gas, zeppelins

who was the red baron?

baron manfred von richthofen, pilot with 80 kills, german wartime hero

how was the red baron killed and what happened after his death?

he was either shot down by a canadian pilot from the air or shot down by a soldier on the ground; he was buried by the british with full military honors

what were german u-boats and what were they based on?

they were submarines with torpedoes; they were based off of the fictional nautilis from "20,000 leagues under the sea"

how did the british defeat german u-boats?

with q-ships and convoys firing depth charges

what was the interior of a german u-boat like?

dark, smelled bad, cramped, full of fumes, constantly hot

what were zeppelins?

long, slender airships used by the germans

what was the battle of jutland?

a naval battle in which britain formed a blockade against the german naval line; germany took ships to try and destroy blockade but couldn't so they returned to port; britain won

describe the sinking of the lusitania?

a british passenger ship entered a german war zone, despite being warned beforehand; fired at and sank by german u-boat off the coast of ireland; 1,198 people killed including 128 americans

what did the treaty of brest-litovsk effectively do?

took russia out of the war and gave lenin time to consolidate power

name 6 reasons america entered the war?

1. german submarine campaign 2. ties with britain and france 3. german plot 4. allied propaganda 5. monetary ties 6. balance of power

what date did the u.s enter the war? what general led this charge?

april 6, 1917; black jack pershing

who was alvin c. york?

conscientious objector who was told by God to fight; best sharpshooter in the war; awarded the congressional medal of honor

who was freddie sowers?

african-american soldier who fought with french troops; led men into german lines until he died victorious; not honored until 1990 with medal of honor

what is the significance of the number 11 in this war?

the war ended and armistice was declared on 11/.11/1918 at 11 o'clock a.m

how many were dead by the end of ww1?

10 million

how many were wounded by the end of ww1?

20 million

how many were missing by the end of ww1?

6 million

what were 4 reasons for such a high amount of civilian deaths in the war?

starvation, massacre, submarine warfare, diseases

what was the goal of the paris peace conference?

jan. 1919; negotiate ww1 peace settlement

what were the four most important members of the paris peace conference?

woodrow wilson (u.s), georges clemenceau (france), david lloyd george (great britain), vitorio orlando (italy)

what was the overall goal of the fourteen points?

to settle peace and maintain peace, not seek revenge, and prevent another world war

what 5 specific parts of the treaty of versailles foreshadow ww2?

territorial provisions, economic provisions, military provisions, war guilt clause, hitler

what was the treaty of st. germain?

caused austria to hand over territory to italy

what was anschluss?

politcal unification of austria-hungary with germany

what were mandates?

german colonies

what was the purpose of the league of nations?

an international orginization to discuss difference instead of going to war over them

what was the locarno pact?

germany, france, and belgium agreed to recognize borders and not to go to war with each other

what is disarmament?

elimination of weapons

what was the kellogg-briand pact?

an agreement that outlawed war

how close did germany come to taking paris?

43 miles from paris

what 2 things did germany encounter that stopped them from taking paris?

american soldiers & revolts against turkish and austrian control

what 2 things strongly foreshadowed ww2 at the end of ww1?

the war guilt clause blaming and punishing germany & the failure of the league of nations?

what was a flyboy?

american pilot in ww1

what an ace?

a pilot with 5 or more kills

what were the 3 characteristics of flyboys?

chivalrous, brave, charming

what did wilson want out of the paris peace conference?

peace for the world

what did clemenceau want out of the paris peace conference?

revenge against germany for france

what did orlando want out of the paris peace conference?

for germany to pay war reparations

what did lloyd george want out of the paris peace conference?

for britain to maintain naval superiority

how much per hour did ww1 cost?

$9 billion