Biology 3rd Quarter CQA

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work, energy stored in high energy bonds between phosphates, Changes to ADP when last phosphate is lost

cell energy cycle

The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances, ADP recycled/recharged into ATP

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars (glucose)

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

aerobic respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (36 ATP)

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen but makes less ATP than aerobic respiration (lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation)

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product and 2 ATP, TYPE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, only make 2 ATP, TYPE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

light-dependent reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast converting solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

chlorophyll absorption spectrum

blue-violet and red light work best, green the worst for photosynthesis

Cell size is limited by

surface area to volume ratio, large cells can't take in nutrients and remove waste products as efficiently as small cells making maintenance of homeostasis difficult

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes, 1 diploid (2n) cell produces 2 identical diploid (2n) daughter cells(PMAT) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide into new cells (STUDY THIS DIAGRAM!)

G1 phase of interphase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

S phase of interphase

chromosome replicate and DNA synthesizes

G 2 phase of interphase

cell prepares for division

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Allele

An alternative form of a gene. (A or a)

dominant allele

an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote (R)

recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present (a)

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. (Tt or AA or cc)

homozygous recessive

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

homozygous dominant

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Gametes

sex cells (egg and sperm) they are haploid (1n) and produced by meiosis

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell called a zygote (1n +1n = 2n)

dihybrid cross

A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

codominance

A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.

Autosomal Dominant Pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family, NEVER skips generations

crossing over

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, results in more variability

gene linkage

the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction

Sex Linked Traits

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes, color-blindness is an example in humans

Autosomal Recessive Pedigree

May skip a generation. If the child has it, the parents have to have it or be carriers for the trait.

Pedigree: X-linked Recessive (sex-linked recessive)

Recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome

MORE MALES ARE AFFECTED

NO male-to-male transmission of trait

F: two copies of gene to express

M: one copy of gene to express

** CARRIERS -- Females w/only 1 copy of gene

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells, produced by mitosis

karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. (XX = female XY= male)

Meiosis

process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

Hybrid

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.

haploid (1n) cell

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, gametes (sperm & egg)

Diploid (2n)

two copies of each chromosome, # of chromosomes in body cells