AP BIO UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE

who was Darwin and what was his mechanism for evolution

Darwin was a 19th-century naturalist on the HMS Beagle that studied animals. His mechanism for evolution was the species are related by common descent and adaptation to environments results in diversity

Who was Lamark and what were his ideas on evolution

was the first scientist to accept the theory of evolution. He said that complex organisms derived from not complex ones and believed in inheritance of acquired characteristics

homologous vs analogous structures

homologous is an organ or bone that is common in different animals and shows decent from a common ancestor. Analogous structures are similar in structure but the organisms are not from a common ancestor.

Vestigal structures

vestigial structures are organs or genes that have no function. The show decent from a common ancestor because they were once useful but now have no use due to evolution

artificial selection vs natural selection

artificial selection: intentional breeding of animals with desired traits

for natural selection to occur:

organisms have variations

organisms struggle to exist

organisms differ in fitness

organisms become adapted

what is Hardy-Weinberg and what conditions have to be met to keep equilibrium

allele frequencies will be met in all successive gene pools if five conditions are met

no mutations

no gene flow

random mating

no genetic drift

no selection

what evidence for evolution did Darwin not consider

The technology for molecular evidence wasn't around and he wasn't able to see differences in amino acids and so didn't consider it

what is natural selection

the survival of the fittest. It is a process that allows the best-adapted animals to an environment survive

if two fossils are found to be similar but not identical what type of evidence could be used to determine the relatedness

you could use biochemical evidence to compare the amino acid sequences

biogeography

study of the range and geographic distribution of life

transitional forms in the fossil record and what species have transitional forms

Archaeopteryx (150 - 154MYA) link between dinosaurs and birds. A transitional form is one that links an ancestor with its descendants

who was cuvier and what were his thoughts on comparative anatomy

He was a 19th century zoologist that founded the science of paleontology. Beleived in catastrophism because he thought that creation not evolution was correct. When new fossils appeared in an area he said that there was a catastrophe that wiped out all existing species and then new species from another area repopulated it.

Will the cutting off of mice tails eventually lead to shorter tails

this is based in Lamark's theory of acquired characteristics. It is incorrect and we know that characteristics are inquired through evolution not through birth

directional selection

when an extreme phenotype is favored and

the curve shifts in that direction

stabilizing selection

when intermediate not extreme phenotypes are favored and the graph is pinched toward the middle

disruptive selection

when two or more extreme phenotypes are favored and therefore make up the population over any intermediates

gene pool

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time

genetic drift

drift of the allele frequencies away from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

gene flow

introduction of new alleles into the population, non-isolation

founder effect

the founder of an isolated population posses's a gene and then passes it on to his offspring. Due to isolation and inbreeding this gene is more common in this population that outside

micro evolution

evolutionary changes within a population (going against Hardy-Weinberg)

speciation (allopatric and sympatric)

speciation is the creating of a new species due to an inability to reproduce (reproductive isolation)

allopatric: stopping of gene flow due to geographic isolation

sympatric: population developing into two or more groups without geographic isolation

things that lead to reproductive isolation

temporal isolation: mating at different times

behavioral: different rituals to find mates

mechanical: genitalia is not physically compatible

gamete: even if gametes meet they can't fuse to become zygote

habitat: geographic isolation

factors that contribute to the maintenance of variation in a population

mutation, recombination, gene flow, natural selection, and heterozygotes

remember that in Africa heterozygotes for sickle cell are protected against malaria

continental drift in relation to evolution

continental drift is the reason that some species wound up on one continent and then evolved and branched separate to others

what is taxonomy and what are the domains

taxonomy: the act of studying, naming, and clarifying organisms

the three domains are Domain Eukarya, Domain Archea, and Domain Bacteria

kingdom animalia

Eukaryotic and multi-cellula, heterotrophic by ingestion, motile, diploid

kingdom plantae

Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic by photosynthesis, nonmotile, alternation of generations(life cycle)

kingdom fungi

eukaryotic, multicellular usually, heterotrophic by absorption, nonmotile, haploid

kingdom protista

eukaryotic, multicellular usually, photosynthetic or heterotrophic by various means,motile sometimes by flagella or cillia, various life cycles

what are scientific names and how are by whom are they assigned

genus and species and they are assigned by the Linnean Society

what is a molecular clock and how is it used

a molecular clock is when nucleic acid changes are constant and quantitative and they can be assigned a number of years to a percent difference. 5.1% difference in nucleic acid sequences among song birds = 2.5 MYA

what is phylogeny and what is a phylogenic tree

phylogeny: is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. a phylogenic tree indicates decent from a common ancestor and each branch indicates a divergence from the common ancestor

cladistics and a cladogram

cladistics: used shared derived characteristics to classify organisms

things to rememer when reading a cladogram: only use shared charactersistscs, simple is better, most divers is farthest to the right, if trait isn't seen in consecutive species then not used

clade

an evolutionary branch of a cladogram that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants