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What is Piagets Cognitive Theory?
Is it NATURE or NURTURE?
- NATURE
- the brain needs to 'understand' concepts before it cam produce the matching language
- stages of language development: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
What are Piagets stages of language development?
Sensorimotor
- 0-2yrs
- object permanence
- egocentric, socialised
- babbles, a few spoken words
Pre-operational
- 2-7 yrs
- can think symbolically
- egocentric
- better grasp of grammatical structure, context, syntax
Concrete Operational
- logical thought
- understand concepts, seriation
Formal Operational
- scientific reasoning
- theoretical, abstract thinking
- self-conscious
What are the limitations to Piagets Cognitive Theory?
- narrow sample size
- the actual capacity of a childs thinking is diff to results found in test conditions
- research suggests that stages arent fixed
- bruner- interaction
What is Chomskys Nativism Theory?
Is it NATURE or NURTURE?
- NATURE
- humans have evolved to be innately linguistic, predisposed to use language
- Chomsky believes that the basic concepts of language are innate and influenced by language environments
--> the LAD (Language Acquisition Device):
- this 'tool' is a special lang learning mechanism, is an unconscious process, makes virtuous errors, is based on UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR and is triggered by hearing adult speech
What are points that support Chomskys Nativism Theory?
- Stroke victims- part of the brain damaged, lose speech ability
- Genie Wiley- past the 'critical period', couldn't learn complex grammar
- Formation of Creoles- grammatical structures inbuilt into the brain
- Sign Language- grammatical
- WUG Test: Berko Gleason- virtuous errors common in both, LAD: testing its functionality, applying grammatical rules
What are the limitations to Chomskys Nativism Theory?
- Genie Wiley- couldnt learn complex grammar
- theoretical- lacking scientific proof
- theory fails to account for relationships, external factors, motivations to learn
- Bard and Sachs: hearing son of deaf parents couldnt develop language solely from TV, radio exposure, only interaction with speech therapist helped
- WUG- bg: 'ultimately, language is acquired through interaction'
What is Bruners Interaction Theory?
Is it NATURE or NURTURE?
- NURTURE
- language development requires input and interaction
- places significance on the interaction between a child and their caregiver
- suggests that social interaction lies at the heart of language development
- social interaction supports and scaffolds language development
--> The LASS (Language Acquisition Support System):
- the network of adults that interact with the child and SUPPORTS their lang dev (e.g Child Directed Speech)
What is Child Directed Speech?
Examples?
adjusting your language to suit the child
- higher pitch, intonation
- repeated grammatical structures
- repeat of childs name
- repeated use of questions and commands
- concrete nouns
- short length of utterance
- recasting
How does Vygotsky support Bruner?
- suggests an More Knowledgeable Other is necessary for a childs language development
- can push them beyond their Zone of Proximal Development
- supports Bruners 'scaffolding' idea
What are the limitations of Bruners Interaction Theory?
- Chomskys LAD: a child would naturally devise a system of verbal communication
- AI- Christiansen and Kallens: AI and people predicted the same next word 50% of the time, AI learning models have the same computational principles as the human brain = suggests that learners can learn language solely from exposure
- children still pass thru similar stages of lang learning in cultures where CDS is not common
What are points that support Bruners Interaction Theory?
- Vygotskys MKO and ZPD
- Genie Wiley- lack of interaction in early life negatively impacted language learning
What is Skinners Behaviourism Theory?
Is it NATURE or NURTURE?
- NURTURE
- language is a behaviour that is learnt through instruction and imitation
- operant conditioning is a way of learning through POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT, teaching the child right from wrong
What are the limitations of Skinners Behaviourism Theory?
- children still make virtuous errors
- children develop thru similar stages of lang learning despite different treatments and societies
- children often unable to repeat what an adult says
- language is based on a set of STRUCTURES and RULES which cant be learned simply thru imitation
What is Tomasellos Usage-based Theory?
Is it NATURE or NURTURE?
- NURTURE
- language development and cognitive development are co-dependant
- PATTERN FINDING (grammatical):
- the COGNITIVE ability of pattern-finding is reflected by a childs LINGUISTIC ability to identify and find patterns
- children must develop this to 'go beyond the individual utterances... to create abstract linguistic constructions'
- INTENTION READING (meaning):
- develops as a child evaluates the context in which language is spoken to understand the meaning and intentions
- children come to the process of language acquisition equipped with two sets of cognitive skills, both evolved for other more general functions before linguistic communications evolved
What are the limitations for Tomasellos Usage-based Theory?
- Chomsky- cant use such complex grammar without an inborn mechanism
What are points that support Tomasellos Usage-based Theory?
- Bruners LASS
- Vygotskys MKO