AP World History: Modern - Spring Final 2 Review

Flashcards for reviewing AP World History: Modern - Spring Final 2 content.

What was the purpose of China's Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)?

To make China an industrial power through mass collectivization of agriculture; a communist government exerting control over the national economy.

What was a significant long-term cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late twentieth century?

The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

What supports the argument that colonialism was responsible for the lack of economic development in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in the late twentieth century?

The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials.

What was a principal cause of the Cold War?

Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies and the nuclear arms race.

What was the purpose of Western-led military alliance systems such as NATO that emerged during the Cold War period?

To prevent the spread of communism.

How did Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh achieve victory in China and Vietnam?

Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.

What world historical process is reflected in the relocation of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India and Muslims from India to Pakistan between 1945 and 1955?

Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders.

What do the maps of Africa (political and ethnolinguistic boundaries) explain about African history in the twentieth century?

Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era.

What occurrence during the Cold War best supports the contention that weapons of total destruction may have rendered total war between major powers obsolete?

Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

What was NOT a consequence of the Second World War?

The independence of Brazil

Which African country continued to have a sizeable segment of the population with European ancestry in the 1990s?

South Africa

What resulted in the territorial arrangements in South Asia shown on the map?

Partition at the time of decolonization

What experience was shared by the African leaders Nelson Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah during the colonial period?

They were held as political prisoners.

What is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today's sub-Saharan African states?

Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization

What is true of both India and China in the period from 1945 to 1990?

In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development.

What did anticolonial movements like the Congress Party in India and the Young Turks agree on?

The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism

What was the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, 1945 written in response to?

The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina

What did Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Minh , Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah have in common?

Opposition to colonial rule

The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The Cold War

What describes a major change in international relations in the 1980s and 1990s?

The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries

In the early twentieth century, nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were led primarily by whom?

Educated urban elites

All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT:

Centralized planning of the national economy

What most likely explains the Soviet Union's motivation for being involved in the Congo as described in the passage?

It wanted to take advantage of a regional conflict to expand its military power and ideological influence.

What explains the level of military engagement between Western nations and the Soviet Union referred to in the passage?

The possession of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union made it too dangerous for Western nations and the Soviet Union to engage in large-scale military conflict with each other.

What explains the most significant difference between military competition in Africa vs Europe between Western nations and the Soviet Union in the late twentieth century?

Unlike in Africa, military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Europe involved the establishment of rival military blocs.

How did the historical situation in which Li Zhisui wrote his biography of Mao Zedong influence Li's assessment of the experience of the Great Leap Forward?

Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government.

Why is Li Zhisui's description of the actions of the local party secretaries significant during Mao's rule?

It can be most directly used to explain the ways in which individuals within communist China reacted to the government's use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership.

What is the significance of Li Zhisui presenting two contrasting views of the success of Mao's industrialization policy?

By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes.

Why did the movement described in the Mau Mau passage begin after the Second World War?

The Allied powers were required to make a variety of political concessions to colonial populations to gain their support for the war effort. The failure of European states in some cases to fulfill their promises created resentments that fueled uprisings in colonial territories.

Explain why the Soviet Union supported movements such as the Mau Mau

The Soviets wished to undermine Western governments during the Cold War.

How did the Mau Mau ideology differ from that of the Hind Swaraj movement?

Unlike the Mau Mau movement, the Hind Swaraj movement led by Gandhi considered peaceful protest and civil disobedience to be the morally superior and more successful method for carrying out the struggle for national independence against British rule.

Which of the following challenges Lawrence James' assertion regarding the effects of British rule in India?

Great Britain's divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees.

How can the migration of South Asians to Great Britain after the end of British rule support Lawrence James' arguments?

Migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies

What modifies Lawrence James' claim about the 'public benefits' of British rule in India?

British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians.

What is the context of Chairman Gonzalo's views in the passage?

The intensification of political conflicts between state and nonstate entities

What explains Chairman Gonzalo's most likely purpose of his answer to the second question?

To justify the Shining Path's use of violence to achieve its political objectives

What would likely explain Gonzalo's theoretical discussion of the idea that 'the party is not a mass party, though it has a mass character'?

His intended audience was leftist intellectuals in Latin America and other regions who sympathized with communist ideology.

What does the depiction of Soviet Union in the images best illustrate?

Rising public discontent

How does the inclusion of the trucks in Image 2 help explain the Soviet Union?

Despite the introduction of free-market reforms under the perestroika program, the Soviet Union's economy continued to deteriorate.

Which of the following best explains why the type of power diminished that Soviet leaders wished to highlight through the public event shown in Image 1?

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was an expensive failure that helped prevent the Soviet military from closing growing technological gaps with the United States military.