AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan known for conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

Akbar the Great

Prominent Mughal emperor recognized for religious toleration and administrative reforms.

Roxelana

Powerful wife of Suleiman, influencing Ottoman politics from the harem.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by Manchu from 1644 until 1912.

Manchu

Ethnic group from Manchuria that established the Qing Dynasty over Han Chinese.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic empire notable for military prowess and relative religious tolerance.

harem

Private space for a ruler’s wives and concubines, often influencing political affairs.

peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals residing in the Americas, at the top of colonial social hierarchy.

criollo

Descendants of Europeans born in the Americas, below peninsulares in social rank.

castas

Mixed-race hierarchical categories in Latin America, defining social status based on ancestry.

mestizos

Individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in colonial Latin America.

mulattos

Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, positioned in the colonial caste system.

zambos

Individuals of mixed indigenous and African ancestry, part of colonial social hierarchy.

Barbary pirates

North African pirates engaging in maritime raiding and slave trading activities.

queues

Mandatory braided hairstyle imposed by Qing rulers on Han Chinese as a loyalty test.

Sephardic Jew

Jewish descendants from Spain, particularly post-expulsion in 1492.

Ashkenazi Jew

Jewish individuals primarily from Central and Eastern Europe, historically referred to as German

Maratha Empire

A Hindu-led state in India that emerged from resistance against Mughal rule in the late 17th century.

Ana Nzinga

A 17th-century African queen known for her resistance against Portuguese colonial forces.

Yemelyan Pugachev

A leader of a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 in Russia.

Queen Nanny

A leader of the Maroons in Jamaica, recognized as a national hero for her resistance against British enslavement.

Fronde

Series of civil disturbances in France during the 1640s against government authority.

Metacom’s War

A conflict in the 1670s between Native Americans and British settlers in New England, marking a significant resistance effort.

Pugachev Rebellion

A failed peasant revolt in Russia against the nobility and government in 1774.

Pueblo Revolt

An uprising in 1680 by Indigenous peoples against Spanish colonial rule in present-day New Mexico.

Maroon wars

Conflicts in Jamaica during the 18th century between escaped enslaved people and British forces.

Commercial Revolution

Transition to a trade-based economy primarily using gold and silver.

Price Revolution

Significant increase in prices during the 16th and early 17th centuries due to inflation.

joint-stock companies

Business entities where investors share profits and risks through stock ownership.

East India Company

A British trading corporation focused on commerce in Asia.

Dutch East India Company

A successful 17th-century joint-stock company that dominated trade in spices and Southeast Asia.

triangular trade

Atlantic trading system involving three segments: Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

monopolies

Exclusive rights granted to certain merchants or companies by governments to control trade.

Santería

An Afro-Caribbean religion merging African traditions and Catholicism.

Virgin of Guadalupe

A Catholic figure representing the blending of indigenous and Spanish cultures.

viceroys

Royal representatives appointed to govern colonies in the Americas.

Oyo

A West African state involved in capturing and selling enslaved people

trading post empire

An empire built on a network of trading posts controlling key trade routes instead of large territories.

mercantilism

Economic theory emphasizing national wealth through exports over imports, requiring heavy government intervention.

Manila

Spanish colonial city in the Philippines, pivotal for trans-Pacific trade, particularly in silver and spices.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who significantly advanced maritime exploration by sponsoring expeditions along the African coast.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer credited with the 1492 discovery of the Americas, representing the start of widespread European exploration.

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, opening sea routes to the East.

Vasco Da Gama

First European to reach India by sea, establishing direct trade routes in 1498.

Ferdinand Magellan

Explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, demonstrating the world's vastness.

northwest passage

A sought-after maritime route through North America to Asia, pursued by several explorers but ultimately not found.

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, established as a fur trading post in the early 17th century.

Jamestown

The first successful English colony in the Americas, founded in 1607 in Virginia.

New Amsterdam

Dutch settlement on the island of Manhattan, which became a major trade hub before being taken by the English

smallpox

A deadly disease introduced to the Americas by Europeans that caused widespread mortality among indigenous populations.

conquistadores

Spanish explorers and conquerors who led expeditions to conquer indigenous lands in the Americas for Spain.

Columbian Exchange

The extensive transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere following European exploration.

transatlantic slave trade

The brutal trade network that forcibly transported millions of Africans to the Americas for slave labor.

engenhos

Large-scale sugar plantations in Portuguese Brazil, central to the economy and reliant on enslaved labor for production.

cash crop

Agricultural products grown primarily for profit, significantly shaping economies in the Americas and Europe.

African Diaspora

The dispersal and cultural blending of African peoples as a result of slavery in the Americas, leading to significant cultural impacts

Asante Empire

West African kingdom known for its wealth and centralization in the 18th century.

Aztec Empire

Mesoamerican civilization known for its urban centers, tribute system, and eventual conquest by Spain.

Inca Empire

South American empire noted for its vast territories, advanced engineering, and fall to Spanish conquistadors.

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of Tenochtitlán after the Spanish conquest.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire in the 16th century.

Atahualpa

Last emperor of the Inca Empire, captured and executed by Pizarro's forces.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

Hispaniola

Caribbean island colonized by Spain, home to the first European settlement in the Americas.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers and conquerors who led expeditions in the Americas to claim territories.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that promoted government regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power.

Indentured Servitude

Labor system where individuals contracted to work for a fixed term in exchange for passage.

Chattel Slavery

System where individuals were considered property, bought and sold as commodities.

Encomienda

Labor system instituted by the Spanish crown, allowing colonists to demand labor from indigenous peoples.

Mit’a System

Incan labor tax system adapted by the Spanish to demand labor for mining and agriculture.

Middle Passage

The horrific voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas