Chemestry grade 11 unit 2

What is a chemical reaction

substances interacting forming different substances that have different properties from the original substance

law of conservation of mass

atoms are neither created nor destroyed

and the total mass of products are always equal to total mass of reactants

multivalent metals

(iron,copper,etc) can form more than one ionic charge may combine with a non-metal to form compounds

Covalent compounds

formed with two or more non-metals. they share electrons to combine molecules depending on the conditions of the reaction

element + compound =

compound

metal oxide + water =

metal hydroxide

non-metal oxide + water =

oxyacid

what forms can acid fall from the atmosphere as

rain,snow, fog, hail, dust, etc of precipitation

what is wet deposition

when acid materials fall from the atmosphere to the ground on wet form just as normal precipitation form of acid

why is rainwater slightly acidic

carbon dioxide in the air reacts to the rainwater to form a midly aidic carbonic acid before becoming rain

what is the ph of normal water vs acid rain water

normal rainwater is around 5.4-5.6 while acid rainwater is 4.2-4.4

3 effects of acid rain

1. acid in air reacts with calcium in moral and makes a yellow color

2. damages monuments, statues, tombstones made of stones and metals

3. acid decreases pH level of water killing fish + their children

metal nitrate =

metal nitrite + oxygen

metal carbonate =

metal oxide + carbon dioxide

yellow/orange color flame

more oxygen needed for complete combustion (mostly light)

blue flame

complete combustion (mostly heat, very little light)

combustion equation

Fuel + o2(g) = h2o(g) + co2(g)

Alongside carbon dioxide and water vapour what does incomplete combustion produce

elemental carbon (soot) and toxic carbon dioxide

general form for incomplete combustion

Fuel + o2(g) = h2o(g) + co2(g) + C(s) + CO(g)

Why is carbon dioxide toxic

Carbon dioxide binds to oxygen in binding sites in blood more tightly than oxygen. the more a person inhales carbon monoxide, the less binding site are available to carry oxygen

long term side effects to high exposure of carbon monoxide

vomiting, collapse, loss of consciousness, and eventually suffocation

complete combustion balancing order

CHO

incomplete combustion balancing order

HOC

3 types of single displacement reactions

1. metal displacing another metal in an ionic compound

2. non-metal displacing another non-metal in an ionic compound

3. Metal displacing hydrogen from an acid or water

When is there a no reaction

when an metal on its own is more lower in the activity series (less reactive) than the metal in the compound

Which metals can displace hydrogen from cold water

metal higher on the activity series (more reactive)

When hydrogen ions are displaced from acids or water what is formed

hydrogen gas

When can halogens displace other halide ions

halogen is more reactive than the halide ion it is displacing

When ionic compounds dissolve in solution what happens

the solid will dissociate into free ions

What happens in dissolution

Polar ends of water molecules are attracted to the charged ions in the crystal lattice of salt and pull ions away from the solution

double displacement idea

AX + BY = AY + BX

explain double displacement reactions

when ionic compounds in an aqueous solution exchange cations and anions with each other to form two new ionic compounds in solution

acid reacting with a base (metal hydroxide)

acid + metal hydroxide = water + metal salt

acid reacting with a base (metal carbonate)

acid + metal carbonate = water + metal salt + carbon dioxide

what are total ionic equations

shows how ionic compounds seperate into their respective ions in aqueous solution

What are net ionic equations

show only the ions which form the precipitate product

Qualitative analysis

no number analysis ( uses senses) and identifies elements, ions, or compounds in a sample using methods like the flame test, colors off ions in solution and precipitate reaction

Why is coppet most dependent on oxygen in industrial processes

Oxygen reacts with sulfide in ore to form a gas, SO2, which separates the

sulfur from the copper and iron metals. Oxygen also reacts with the iron

found in the ore, and the resulting Fe3O4 is separated from the copper.

Describe what you would expect to see if you placed a piece of potassium in an aqueous solution of

lithium chloride. Explain your reasoning.

I would expect to see bubbles form. Potassium is less reactive than lithium, so it

cannot displace lithium from the solution. However, the potassium can displace

hydrogen from the water in the solution. Hydrogen gas would form as a result.

Chemicals react in predictable ways. Describe the process in which ammonia gas forms from a double

displacement reaction.

Ammonia gas can form from a double displacement reaction if an ammonium

compound and a hydroxide react together. Ammonia is produced when

ammonium hydroxide formed in the double displacement reaction decomposes.

Lead was often used to make the water pipes.

In a brief paragraph, describe the health concern related to displacement reactions that is associated

with the use of lead water pipes.

lead can be leached from the

pipes by displacement reactions and can then be ingested, which can lead to

lead poisoning.

Most elements are combined with other elements in nature. A chemist wants to isolate an element from

a compound to obtain a sample of the element. Which type of chemical reaction is the chemist likely to

use? Explain.

A decomposition reaction, because it can be used to produce

elements from compounds.

Why is the proper maintenance of a fireplace important for safety?

A build-up of soot can block proper airflow and provide fuel for

a chimney fire.