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AP World Unit 1
AP World UNIT 1 REVIEW (Everything you NEED to KNOW!)
1.1
Developments in EAST ASIA [AP World Review Unit 1 Topic 1]
State Building in Song China
How did the Song dynasty maintain and justify its power?
Confucianism:
Carried over revival of Confucianism
Carried over from Tang Dynasty
Taught that human society is hierarchical, composed of unequal relationships: father>son, husband>wife, ruler>subjects
Main idea was filial piety
If people could honor ancestors, then they can honor their rulers
Songs implemented Neo-Confucianism
Had the influence of Buddhist and Daoist philosophical ideas
Revival of confucianism demonstrates a historical continuity between ancient China and the Songs, but it also demonstrates innovation
Women in Song China:
Relegated to subordinate position
Legal rights restricted, property became husband’s, if they were divorced/widowed, they couldn’t remarry
Foot Binding:
Prevalent among elite members, as if wife couldn’t do work, then the family was rich enough to hire servants
Imperial Bureaucracy
Government officials spread across China to enforce laws/rules
During Song Dynasty, imperial bureaucracy grew in scope, thus helped them maintain their rule
Civil Service Exam
Required to get into bureaucracy
Based on Confucian Principles
Ensured:
Bureaucracy had only qualified men
Based on merit, not connections
Increased competency and efficiency of bureaucratic tasks
China Influences its neighbors:
Korea:
Maintained tributary relationship with China
As long as tribute was paid, the two countries maintained friendly political and economic relationships
Chinese Influence in Korea
Used similar civil service exam
Adopted many Confucian principle to organize family structures
Marginalized role of women even further than China
Japan:
Whatever cultural traits Japanese adopted, they did willingly, no invasion threat
Influences:
Imperial bureaucracy
Buddhism in Japanese elites
Chinese writing system
Vietnam:
Similar tributary relationship with China as did Korea
Influences:
Confucianism
Buddhism
Chinese literary techniques
Civil service exam
Women aren’t marginalized as much as China
Buddhism in Song China
Originated in South Asia
Buddhist Beliefs:
4 Noble Truths
Life is suffering
We suffer because we crave
We cease suffering when we cease craving
8-fold path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving
8-fold path:
Outlines the principles and practices that a Buddhist must follow
Theravada Buddhism
Mainly restricted to monks
Only available to select few
Mahayana Buddhism
Mainly in East Asia
Buddhist teachings available to all
Emphasized compassion
Made Buddha into object of devotion
Tibetan Buddhism
Emphasized more mystical practices
Economy in Song Dynasty
Commercialization of Economy
Produced more goods than they needed to survive and then sold excess on world market
Used paper money
Porcelain and silk
Iron & Steel Production
Both large scale manufacturers and home based artisans produced enough iron and steel to create all armor for war, all coins for trade,a nd many of the tools for agriculture
Agricultural Innovation
Champa Rice
Introduced through Vietnam Champa Kingdom
Drought resistant
Harvestable twice a year
Led to population explosion
Transportation Innovations:
Expanded Grand Canal, which linked Yellow and Yange Se rivers
Magnetic Compass
New shipbuilding techniques, such as the Junk ships
1.2
Developments in DAR-AL-ISLAM [AP World Review—Unit 1 Topic 2]
Three Major Religions
Judaism
Ethnic religion of the Jews
Originated in the Middle East
Monotheistic
Christianity
Established by Jewish prophet Jesus Christ
Known as the messiah
Followers began spreading message of salvation by grace after crucifixion
Roman empire eventually adopted Christianity
Islam
Founded by Prophet Muhammad on the Arabian Peninsula
Taught followers that salvation would be found in righteous actions
Spread far into Asia and Africa, known as Dar-al-Islam
New Islamic States Rise
Abbasid Caliphate
Ethnically Arab
In power during Golden age of Islam
Power began to wane right before 1200
New Islamic empires were largely made up of Turkic people, not Arabs
Seljuk Empire
Central Asia
Pastoral people brought in by Abbasids to help expand caliphate, btu by 1200, Seljuks turned on Abbasids claimed most of the political power
Mamluk Sultanate
Egypt
Brought Mamluk Turkic warriors to Ayyubid Sultanate
After Sultan died, Mamluks sized power and gave rise to another Turkic Muslim state
Highly centralized
Military prowess
Delhi Sultanate
South Asia
Invading Turks established Muslim state in North and ruled over India for about 300 years
Invasions + conquests from foreign powers
Continuity in New Turkic Muslim Empires
Military in charge of administration
Implemented Sharia Law
Continued Expansion of Islam
Military Expansion
Delhi Sultanate
Merchant Activity
Trade
Muslim missionaries
Sufism
Intellectual Innovations and Transfers
Mathematics
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Invented geometry
Copernicus used al-Tusi’s discoveries to make heliocentric theory
House of Wisdom
Established in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam
Scholars from all over the world came to study religion and sciences
Responsible for preserving Greek moral and natural philosophy
1.3
State Building in SOUTH Asia & SOUTHEAST Asia [AP World Review—Unit 1 Topic 3]
Belief Systems
Hinduism
Dominant in India
Polytheistic
Sets them apart from monotheistic religions like Judaism or Islam
Ultimate goal is to reunite their souls with Brahma
Involves cycling through death and rebirth to achieve
Provided the conditions for a unified culture in India
Achieved this by structuring Indian society with the caste system
Buddhism
Founded in India
Carried over cycle of reincarnation and ultimate goal: to dissolve into the oneness of the universe
Rejected caste system and wasn’t ethnically restricted, open equality for all, much more viable to spread
Control in India was waning
Islam
Islam became second most important religion is South Asia, became the religion of the elite
Belief Systems Change
Hinduism
Bhakti Movement
Encouraged believers to worship one particular god of all the Hindu gods
Rejected hierarchy of Hinduism
Encouraged spiritual experiences to all people, regardless of social status
decentralized
Islam
Sufism
More mystical, spiritual experience-based version of Islam
Both Bhaktis and Sufis:
Mystical experience
Rejected elaborate doctrines and religious requirement of the elite
Emphasized access of spiritual experience to all people
Buddhism
By this time is South Asier, Buddhism had become more exclusive
Only followers going for Nirvana were Buddhist monks
Buddhism on decline in South Asia
World religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism, have spread in Southeast Asian societies in a variety of ways. Some of the key factors that have contributed to the spread of world religions in the region include:
Trade: Trade has played a major role in the spread of world religions in Southeast Asia. Merchants, travelers, and missionaries have brought religious ideas and practices to the region through their trade and travel.
Conquest and colonization: The spread of world religions in Southeast Asia has also been influenced by the conquest and colonization of the region by foreign powers. In some cases, religious beliefs and practices were imposed on the local population through military force or through the establishment of colonial rule.
Missionary activity: Missionaries have played a significant role in the spread of world religions in Southeast Asia. Missionaries have traveled to the region to proselytize and convert people to their faith, and they have established schools, hospitals, and other institutions to support their work.
Local adoption and adaptation: World religions have also spread in Southeast Asia through local adoption and adaptation. In some cases, people in the region have embraced new religious beliefs and practices and have incorporated them into their own cultural traditions.
State Building in South Asia
Delhi Sultanate
Struggled with imposing Islam on India
Hinduism was too far entrenched; Islam remained a minor religion
Rajput Kingdoms resisted Islam rule
Rival Hindu kingdoms that existed before the Islam in India
Vijayanagara Empire
Muslim sultans in north sent group of emissaries to south to spread Islam rule
Emissaries betrayed sultans, converted back to Hindu, and set up rival Hindu empire
Sea-Based States in Southeast Asia
Srivijaya Empire
Buddhist state, but heavily influenced by Indian Hindu culture
Controlled Strait of Malacca
Only passage between South/SE Asia and China/Japan
Placed taxes, became filthy rich
Majapahit Empire
Formerly Hindu Kingdom, had strong Buddhist influences
Maintained power through tributary systems with other states
Land-Based States in Southeast Asia
Sinhala Dynasties
Got most of their power from their own land, didn’t control the sea
Khmer Empire
Founded as a Hindu Empire
Land based empire
Built Angkor Wat, later added Buddhist influences into the same building
Syncretism between Buddhism and Hinduism
1.4
State-Building in the AMERICAS [AP World History Review—Unit 1 Topic 4]
Mesoamerican Civilizations
Maya Civilizations
250-900 CE
Build huge urban centers, had the most sophisticated writing system, had advanced mathematics, including working with the concept of zero
State structure was basically a decentralized collection of city-states that were frequently at war with one another
Fought to create a vast network of tributary states among neighboring regions
Emphasized human sacrifice
Believed that Sun was a deity, and that human sacrifice is needed to recharge the Sun
Collapsed bc of lack of food+internal conflict
Accurate calendar + writing system
Aztec Empire
1345-1528 CE
Mexica people were semi-nomadic who migrated South at the beginning of the 14 century
Built up their military prowess and strategically married into more powerful families
By 1428, had consolidated a lot power in the region and had an alliance with 2 other Mesoamerican States, thus establishing the Aztec Empire
Mexica ethnic group established the Aztec Empire
Decentralized power
All conquered people were set up as tributary system
Used this to administer the empire
Religious motivation(human sacrifice) for expansion
To secure their legitimacy, Mexica claimed their heritage from older, more renowned Mesoamerican people
Chinampa = floating garden
City building projects
Tenochtitlan
Vast marketplaces were set up, thriving city
Economy was commercialized
Andean Civilizations
Wari
Collapsed around 1000 CE
Inca borrowed a lot from the Wari
Inca Empire
Comparison between Inca and Aztec
Common:
Outsiders who rose to power via military prowess
Expanded their empire rapidly
Polytheistic + animism
Aztecs:
Decentralized power
Relied on tributary relationships
Incas:
Centralized power
Massive bureaucracy
Andes mountains
Mit’a system
Inca state required the labor of all people for a period of time each year to work on state projects like mining or military service
Religion centered political structure
Vast networks of roads and bridges
quipus, which were knotted cords that were used for record-keeping and communication.
North American Civilizations
Mississippian Culture
Established in Mississippi River valley
First large-scale civilization in North America
Society developed around agriculture, hierarchical society
Political structure
Dominated by great chiefs known as the Great Sun which ruled each town and extended political power over smaller satellite settlements
Mound building projects
Most memorial in nature and acted as burial sites for important people
Hosted religious ceremonies on the tops of the mounds
Largest, most significant mound was built in the urban center of Cahokia
Mississippian culture was matrilineal, passing social standing through the mother’s blood line.
Chaco & Mesa Verde Civilizations
Established in Southwest portion of the present U.S.A
Developed innovative way of transporting and storing water
Chaco carved sandstone blocks and imported timber for distant locations
Mesa verde people solved this problem by carving housing complexes right into the sides of cliffs using sandstone
1.5
State-Building in AFRICA [AP World Review—Unit 1 Topic 5]
State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa
Below Saharan Desert
Swahili Civilization
Emerged on Africa’s East coast in 8th century
Gave them access to bustling Indian Ocean Trade
Merchants were interested in: gold, ivory, timber, enslaved people
Imported many of the goods that they sold from farmers and pastoralists in the African interior
Islam became a dominant belief system
Conversion among Swahili elite took place voluntarily, connected them to the wider economic world of Dar-al-Islam
Islam influenced the Swahili language
Hybrid between the Bantu family of languages(indigenous) and Arabic(outside)
Comparison between Swahili and Song China:
Common:
Expanded wealth by participating trade beyond their borders
Hierarchical class structure that organized society
Song China;
Highly centralized power structure with emperor at top
Swahili:
No larger, unified political structure
Great Zimbabwe
Participated in Indian Ocean trade
Facilitated by controlling several ports on the coast
Mainly exporting gold
Economy revolved around farming and cattle herding
Constructed massive capital city
Largest structures in all of Africa after the pyramids in Egypt
Housed member of the Royal Court
Represented the seat of power for this state
Never converted to Islam
State Building in West & East Africa
Hausa Kingdoms
Collection of city-states that were politically independent and gained power and wealth through trade across the trans-saharan trade network
Comparison between Swahili and Hausa
Common:
Urbanized and commercialized, acted as middlemen for goods grown in the interior which they integrated into trade patterns with other states across West and North Africa
Each state ruled by a king who impose social hierarchies on their societies
Rulers converted to Islam which further facilitated trade with Muslim merchants
Ethiopia
Christian state, didn’t fit in well with other states
Christian rulers commissioned construction of massive stone churches
Told subjects who was in charge
Grew wealthy through trade
Traded both in the Mediterranean Sea and in the larger Indian Ocean Trade Network
Salt was one of their most valuable commodities
Centralized power - hierarchical system
King at top
Stratified class hierarchy below the king
Europe
No large empires in europe
Decentralization + political fragmentation in Europe
Feudalism- system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, knights
Manor = piece of land owned by a lord thats rented out to peasants who worked on the land
Peasants = bound to land = SERFS
Later, states got monarchs + became highly centralized