History Final Terms

Brown v. Board of Edu.

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

The babydoll experiment which showed the effects of segregation

Caused: Southern Manifesto (members of Congress opposed), Massive Resistance and resurgence of KKK

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Created SNCC and they eventually diverged

Created many nonviolent protests such as the Freedom Rides

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (1960)

4 black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina demanded service at a whites-only lunch counter.Within a week, the sit-in reached 1,000 students, spreading a wave of wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins across the South demanding equal rights. SNCC was formed to help them out.

Overtime diverged to turned to more violent tactics

1964 Civil Rights Act

LBJ wanted to carry on Kennedy's legacy

Outlawed discrimination in all places and voting

Led to the Freedom Summer-registering African Americans to vote but people retaliated with violence

1965 Voting Rights Act

ended literacy tests and poll taxes; allowed officers to register voters

Created a huge jump of those registered to vote

Allowed more people to have access to use their political rights

Black Nationalism

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Wanted Separation not integration

Inspired Malcom X and marks a change in SNCC to more militant and violent tactics

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

This continued our bad relations with Russia

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Kennedy ordered blockade of Cuba and Russia backed down

Both took down some more weapon sites

Perceived weakness of Khrushchev and lost job

The closest we came to nuclear war

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

He wanted the liberation of country

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War. Famous for the Ho Chi Minh trail

Prompted Kennedy to send support to fight communist rebellion, generals want military coup to take out Ngo Dinh Diem throws country into chaos

Economic Opportunity Act

1964, Part of LBJ's war on poverty, Many programs to help the social welfare, Upward Bound, Job Corp, Head Start and Community Action Program was the most effective sent federal funds straight to the local community

Medicaid and Medicare

These programs are the hallmarks of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society program. Established in 1965, the former is a U.S. health insurance program that provides care for indigent Americans and is administered mainly by state governments. The latter provides elderly people with insurance against hospitalization and lets older citizens buy inexpensive insurance to cover doctor bills and other health-related costs.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

There were no clear lines to mark friend from foe which eroded any goodwill from the S Vietnamese

Credibility Gap

American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War

This was the first war recorded on television

Causes antiwar protests and questions what else the government could be lying about

Students for a Democratic Society

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Call to action because of hypocrisy of ideals and what was actually happening

Free Speech Movement

SDS organized teachins UC Berkley came down hard and caused the free speech movemtn where they were afraid that the rights of American citizens are at stake and led to a movement for change

Tet Offensive

1968; North Vietnamese becomes involved and attacks the US embassy We repelled the attack but it caused psychological change to shirt opinion about our view of winning and credibility

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

He blamed the Civil Rights movement and says that it is leading to mob rule

Called for restoring law and order

Large shift to right side of spectrum and republican party

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Led to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talk and Nixon was also able to go to China

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Led to the Kent State protest where students were killed and then led to the DC protest where they protested Lincoln being hypocritical with law and order

Kent State University

Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

Made Nixon look hypocritical because he made a big deal about law and order and then he kills people

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

After the troops were removed in the fall of 1975 Vietnam became a communist country

Phylls Schlafly

Women who started the organization Stop E.R.A

Argued amendment would produce unisex society

Sparked following to protect women and ERA was not ratified

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

No such thing as absolute constitutional right

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security guard foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Watergate tapes-clear president was involved with scandal

The law and order president resigned

in 1974 Ford pardoned

Undermined the confidence in government and Ford pardoning did not help

Stagflation

Faltering economy- Foreign competition and manufacturers realize its expensive to make things in America

Response- 1971, Nixon's price controls

Temporary for most but kept price controls for oil and gas

Backlash from his party

OPEC Embargo

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.

Crisis of Confidence

because of the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Vietnam War; and Watergate.On July 15, 1979, Carter gave a nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people.

Thought of as the Moral Equivalent of War (MEOW)

American public did not enjoy being lectured

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Shah fled Iran and was admitted into the United States, made Ayatollah Khomeini mad and then students took Americans hostage

Reinforced the idea of weak Carter

Hostage situation dragged on for so long that Carter was later not elected

Moral majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Founded by Jerry Falwell

Reagan could speak to these people and it helped him become elected

supply-side revolution

Put more money into investors and benefits to trickle down

1981 Economic Recovery Tax Act

Tax liability dropped by 23% but mostly for wealthy

De-regulation and slashing social programs but not all

Reagan Recession

recession during Reagan's presidency; some say it was caused by Reaganomics and others say it was caused by the shift to the free market

People were unable to borrow and didn't spend as much

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Part of his closing of the Cold War

Iran-Contra Affair

scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, arms sales to try and get in good graces with terrorists to get hostages

Reagan at first denied knowledge but then admitted to knowing

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Tried to modernize the country through Perestroika and Glasnost

The velvet revolutions spread into his own country and he eventually fell from power

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Eventually caused the USSR's collapse

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and allowed people to see how the government works to restore faith

Velvet Revolutions

1980s: a series of bloodless revolutions in which the satellite states fight against Soviet reign and create free democratic governments. Gorbachev does not help suppress them. In Poland, Solidarity wins the first free election. In Germany, the people tear the Berlin Wall down and also has a free election.

Spread into USSR and in 1991 the CIS forms and the USSR collapses

Operation Desert Storm

1991 American-led attack on Iraqi forces after Iraq refused to withdraw its troops from Kuwait

This caused a restoration in American Military but the US did not remove Saddam Hussein from power

Globalization

Money, information, and goods are all moving around the world faster than ever before

1995, World Trade Organization to encourage trade among members

Integrated Financial Markets

Benefits for multinational corporations

Some disadvantages for Americans- cheaper to make things abroad, more choices=go with cheaper

Off-shoring and outsourcing

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Created by the G7, orchestrated flow of goods and encourages trade among members led to the creation of smaller trade agreements with continental groups

Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999

an act that overturned the section of the Banking Act of 1933 that prohibited commercial banks from selling insurance or performing the functions of investment banks

Got rid of Glass Seagall Act

Demonstrated Clinton's 3rd way

Deregulating financial sectors allowed him to pay down debt by more taxes and less spending

Newt Gingrich

Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget

Styled after Reagan

Brought Republicans together to control Senate and House of Representatives

Ken Starr

Investigating Clinton's real estate in Arkansas, when Paula Jones accuses him of sexual misconduct he lies about having other relations with Monica Lewinsky

Wrote up letters of impeachment

Led to his failure to be re-elected and Bush used this to style himself as the moral man

Hanging Chad

Reference to the when in the 2000 US presidential election, Florida votes punched card ballots where incompletely punched holes resulted in partially punched chads and voters could not be counted; aftermath of the controversy caused the rapid discontinuance of punch card ballots in the US

Al Gore lost presidency and went on TV to graciously concede the presidency

Osama Bin Laden

Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Caused the War in Afghanistan after 9/11

Was killed in 2011

Bush Doctrine

A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.

Used to Justify the Iraq war without UN approval

Great Recession

Worst recession since great depression

Caused by Nixon's deregulation of the financial sector and consumer debt especially housing

Obamacare

created by Obama, a national healthcare plan aimed at reforming the American healthcare system. The main focus is on regulating the health insurance industry and reducing spending and healthcare

Made Republicans mad because it looked like he was taking away their rights caused the formation of the tea party

The Tea Party

The Tea Party is a political movement that largely began in 2009 with protests that were sponsored both locally and nationally. In general the movement is considered conservative, favoring decreased taxes & decreased spending by the government. The focus is on fiscal conservatism. So far the Tea Party has endorsed Republican candidates.

Lack of freedom enhanced with Obama doing executive orders

Ended with Republicans taking both houses

Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

Obama did not intervene and some new govts were formed peacefully, others created bloody civil wars

Caused ISIS formation in Syria