world civ ii midterm

Lisbon

Capital of Portugal

Ceuta

Portuguese city in North Africa

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who sponsored exploration

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who reached India by sea

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who reached the Americas

Hernando Cortés

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

Smallpox

Disease brought by Europeans to the Americas

Reconquista

Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula

Viceroyalty

Administrative division of the Spanish Empire

Viceroy

Governor of a viceroyalty

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of the Americas

Encomienda

System of forced labor in Spanish colonies

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spanish priest who advocated for Native American rights

New Laws

Reforms to protect Native Americans in Spanish colonies

Potosí

Silver mine in present-day Bolivia

Northwest Passage

Sea route through North America to Asia

Elizabeth I of England

Queen of England during the Age of Exploration

John Hawkins

English privateer and slave trader

Martin Frobisher

English explorer searching for the Northwest Passage

Walter Raleigh

English explorer who established colonies in North America

Francis Drake

English privateer and explorer

Poor gentry

Lower-ranking nobility in England

Privateers

Privately-owned ships authorized to attack enemy vessels

Philip II of Spain

King of Spain during the Spanish Armada

Dutch Revolt

War for Dutch independence from Spain

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet defeated by the English

Sugar

Cash crop grown in the Americas

Joint-stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders

East India Company

English company that traded with India and Southeast Asia

Dutch East India Co.

Dutch company that traded with Asia

Batavia

Dutch colonial capital in present-day Indonesia

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire in India

French and Indian War

Conflict between France and Britain in North America

Mercantilism

Economic system based on government control of trade

Feudalism

Medieval social and economic system

Hundred Years War

Conflict between England and France

Wars of Religion

Religious conflicts in Europe

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement against the Catholic Church

Bureaucracy

Government administration

Cardinal Richelieu

French minister who centralized power

intendant

French royal official

Fronde

Revolt against the French monarchy

Versailles

Palace of the French monarch

War of the Grand Alliance

War against Louis XIV of France

War of Spanish Succession

War for the Spanish throne

Prussia

German kingdom

Russia

Eastern European country

Sweden

Scandinavian country

Austria

Central European country

Parliament

Legislative body in England

The Glorious Revolution

Bloodless overthrow of James II of England

Constitutionalism

Political system based on a constitution

Jacques Louis David

French neoclassical painter

Jean-Paul Marat

French revolutionary leader

guillotine

Device used for execution

Charlotte Corday

Assassin of Jean-Paul Marat

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in Europe

Francis Bacon

English philosopher and scientist

René Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician

Isaac Newton

English physicist and mathematician

Law of universal gravitation

Newton's law of gravity

John Locke

English philosopher and political theorist

Natural Rights

Rights that belong to all humans

Baron de Montesquieu

French political philosopher

Separation of powers

Division of government into branches

Physiocrats

Economic thinkers who emphasized natural laws

"laissez-faire"

Economic policy of non-interference

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and philosopher

On the Wealth of Nations

Book by Adam Smith

Self-interest

Personal gain or advantage

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Estates-General

French legislative assembly

National Assembly

French revolutionary assembly

Bastille

Prison stormed during the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

French revolutionary document

The First French Republic

French government after the monarchy

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

French law regulating the Catholic Church

Metric System

System of measurement

The Reign of Terror

Period of violence during the French Revolution

Committee of Public Safety

French revolutionary committee

Maximilien Robespierre

French revolutionary leader

War of the First Coalition

French revolutionary war against other European powers

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military and political leader

Corsica

Island in the Mediterranean Sea

Egyptian Campaign

Napoleon's military campaign in Egypt

First Consul

Napoleon's title after seizing power

War of the Second Coalition

War against France by other European powers

War of the Third Coalition

War against France by other European powers

Battle of Austerlitz

Napoleon's victory against Austria and Russia

Battle of Trafalgar

Naval battle between France and Britain

The Continental System

Napoleon's economic blockade of Britain

The Peninsular War

War against France in the Iberian Peninsula

Grand Army

Napoleon's army

Elba

Island where Napoleon was first exiled

Saint Helena

Island where Napoleon was exiled and died

Supreme Central Junta

Spanish government during the Peninsular War

Constitution of Cádiz

Spanish liberal constitution

The Principles of 1789

French revolutionary principles