bones and joints

ossification

process of bone formation

what is the purpose of the skull ?

protect brain and support facial features

how many bones form the cranium - excluding auditory ossicles ?

22

what are infant fontanelles and what is their purpose ?

“soft spots” on infants skull - membraneous unossified gaps allow for movement down birth canal and post natal growth

when do infant fontanelles close and when do they become completely ossified ?

1 year and 20 - 50

what are the 3 cranial subdivisions ?

skull cap, base, facial skeleton

label the cranial base in descending order

maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, vomer, sphenoid, temporal, occipital

what is the hole in the cranial base called ?

the foramen magnum

what is the hard upper palate/jaw that holds the teeth called ?

maxilla

the facial skeleton is also known as the…

viscerocranium

label the bones of the viscerocranium

lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, ethmoid, vomer, inferior nasal concha, maxilla, mandible

what differentiates the mandible, vomer and ethmoid from the rest of the facial bones ?

singular bones - others occur in pairs

what facial bones sit at the roof of the nasal cavity between the orbitals ?

ethmoid

what nerve innervates the nasal cavity ?

olfactory

what are the smallest bones of the face ?

lacrimal

which facial bones occur in pairs ?

maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae

purpose of the spine

support body weight, bipedal balance, allows for movement, protect nervous system

how many vertebrae are there and how many regions are they divided into ?

33 and 5

how many of each vertebrae type are there ?

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

C1 allows for what type of movement ?

atlant - up and down

C2 allows for what type of movement ?

axial - side to side

the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs via what joint type ?

synovial

what are the largest vertebrae class ?

lumbar

role of lumbar vertebrae

support lower abdominal wall

what are the gaps in sacral vertebrae for spinal nerves called ?

posterior and anterior foramina

what vertebrae type is this ?

cervical

what vertebrae type is this ?

thoracic

what vertebrae type is this ?

lumbar

role of coccygeal vertebrae

major attachment point for muscles and ligaments

the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are…

fused

role of thoracic bones

breathing, protection of vital organs

4 key components of thoracic bones

thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ribs, sternum

how many pairs of ribs do you have and how many are true and false ?

12 - 7 upper true, lower 5 false

which of the false ribs are considered “floating” and why ?

11 and 12 - no articulation with the sternum or other ribs

what type of joint is the elbow and what movements does it allow for ?

hinge - flexion/extension and pronation/supination

what type of joint is the wrist and what movements does it allow for ?

condyloid - flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

label the bones of the upper arm and hand

a - clavicle

b - scapula

c - humerus

d - ulna

e - radius

f - carpals

g - metacarpals

f - phalanges

the distal end of the humerus is…

flattened

the phalanges are divided into…

proximal middle and distal phalanx

how many carpal bones are there ?

8

list the carpal bones 1 - 8

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

what are the 3 main bones of the shoulder ?

clavicle, scapula, humerus

what is the joint between the humerus and scapula called ?

glenohumeral joint

what is the only bony attachment between the trunk and upper limbs ?

clavicle

synovial joints are also called

ball and socket

what is the anteriorly projecting hook-like structure on the scapula called ?

coracoid process

role of the pelvis

attachment to axial skeleton

transfer of weight to lower limbs

protection of lower GI, urinary and reproductive tracts

what are the 3 crude components of the pelvis ?

pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx

the pelvic girdle can further be divided into the…

ilium, ischium, pubis

how do female and male pelvic girdles differ ?

females have a more circular pelvic inlet and wider angle at pubic arch

the head of the femur articulates with what bone ?

acetabulum of pelvis

the hip joint is what type ?

synovial

the knee joint is what type ?

hinge

the femur articulates with what two bones distally ?

patella, tibia NOT fibula

the ankle joint is what type ?

hinge

what is the largest bone of the body ?

femur

label the femur

A - fovea capitus

B - greater trochanter

C - neck

D - lesser trochanter

E - linea aspera

F - medial epicondyle

G - medial condyle

I + H - lateral

the patella is what type of bone ?

sesamoid - formed within tendon

what is larger the tibia or fibula ?

tibia

what region of the tibia is palpable

medial malleolus

the big toe lacks what bone ?

middle phalanx

the foot is divided into…

metatarsals and phalanges