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Homestead Strike (1892)
A violent labor strike at Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Plant triggered by wage cuts and the hiring of strikebreakers.
Pullman Palace Car Company
A manufacturer of luxury railroad cars at the center of the Pullman Strike in 1894 due to wage cuts and high rents.
In re Debs (1895)
A Supreme Court decision that upheld federal injunctions against labor strikes, reinforcing pro-business judiciary views.
Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)
Frederick Jackson Turner's argument that the American frontier shaped democratic values and marked the end of a critical era.
Forty-Niners
Prospectors who went to California during the Gold Rush of 1849, leading to population growth and infrastructure expansion.
Greenback Party
A late 19th-century political movement advocating for the issuance of paper money to help farmers and workers.
Homestead Act of 1862
A law granting 160 acres of federal land to settlers who farmed it for five years, encouraging westward expansion.
Sodbusters
Farmers on the Great Plains who broke up tough prairie soil to plant crops, facing difficult living conditions.
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
An organization founded in 1867 to support farmers through education and political advocacy for agricultural reforms.
Populist Party (People’s Party)
A political party founded in the 1890s to represent farmers and laborers against economic elites.
Munn v. Illinois (1877)
A Supreme Court case that affirmed state power to regulate businesses in the public interest, notably grain elevators.
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
A federal law that established the ICC to regulate railroads and ensure fair practices.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
The first federal regulatory agency created to oversee railroads and prevent monopolistic practices.
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