CLWH Chapter 13

missing information

The Kingdom of Ghana

controlled the trans-Saharan trade by taxing for gold

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kings of Ghana gained financial resources they needed to field a large army and influence affairs in West Africa

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major gold trader

Mali Empire

13th century, replaced Ghana

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continued to control the trans-Saharan trade

What is the main commercial and cultural center of the Mali and Songhay empires?

Timbuktu

The Songhay Empire

emerged when the Mali empire weakened and became the dominant power of the western grasslands

Sunni Ali

(1464-1493) reined Songhay ruler

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embarked on a campaign to conquer his neighbors and consolidate the Songhay Empire

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he brought the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Jenne under his control and used their wealth to dominate the central Niger valley

What did Sunni Ali build?

he built an elaborate administrative and military apparatus to oversee affairs in his realm

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he also appointed governors to provinces and instituted a hierarchy of command that turned his army into an effective military force

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created an imperial navy to patrol the Niger River

What caused the Fall of Songhay

musket-bearing Moroccan army trekked across the Sahara and attacked the Songhay forces

Swahili empire

prominent empire in east Africa

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declined around the same time as the Songhay Empire

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What did Portuguese mariner **Vasco da Gama** do?

skirmished with local forces on the eastern coast

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1502- forced rulers of Kilwa to pay tribute

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1505: Portuguese gunships dominate Swahili ports

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constructed forts through the region to control trade however they did not succeed and disrupted trade patterns to send Swahili states into a decline

Kingdom of Kongo

the best known kingdom in central Africa

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abundant written records throw light on its experience in early modern times

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had relations which **Portuguese** their goal was to make relationships and striking deals with African leaders, and bringing riches/objects from trade back to Europe

King Nzinga Mbemba

King of Kongo (1506-1542)

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also known as Alfonso I (his Christian name)

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converts to Christianity and wanted everyone to convert all his subjects to Christianity

Slave raiding in Kongo

Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, advisers, and artisans to Kongo

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in exchange they expected high-value merchandises such as copper, ivory, and enslaved people

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Portuguese often did slaving expeditions and made alliances with local authorities and provided them with weapons in exchange for captured people

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Kongo Kings tried to appeal to slow down slave trade but the Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate the king in 1665

Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola)

gains wealth and independence from Kongo via slave trade

Queen Nzinga

resisted Portuguese influence by possing as a male king

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establishes a temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese

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after her death there was a decline of Ndongo power

Chieftans

controlled the commerce of merchants from the Swahili city-states of coastal east Africa and increased in wealth, enhanced their power, and extended their authority

Great Zimbabwe

1300

a massive, stone-fortified city and dominated the gold-bearing plain between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers

Who did the Dutch mariners encounter in 1652?

Khoikhoi people (Hottentots)

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the Dutch claimed land for themselves and commanded Khoikhoi labor which eventually led to the formation of Dutch and British colonies in Africa

What did Timbuktu become by the 16th century?

the most prominent Islamic university and 180 schools that taught Quran

Which two religions became more popular in sub-Saharan Africa?

Islam and Christianity

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Islam being more adopted in the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states of east Africa

What happened to African traditions and beliefs once Islam became adopted in their culture?

African Muslims blended with Islam

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created a syncretic style of Islam and women became more associated with each other

The Fulani

waged a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam

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founded powerful states and promoted the spread of Islam beyond the cities to the countryside

Who found interests in rulers like King Afonso I of Kongo and why?

Portuguese community

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adopted European-style Christianity

Antonian movement

particularly influential form of Christianity

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18th century

Dona Beatriz

began the Antonian movement in 1704

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proclaimed that St. Anthony of Padua had possessed her and chosen her to communicate his messages

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gained a reputation for working miracles and curing diseases and promoted an African form of Christianity

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taught that Jesus was a black African man and Kongo was the true holy land of Christianity and heaven was for Africans

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burned at a stake when Christian missionaries persuaded King Pedro IV of Kongo

What American crops were brought in to Africa?

**manioc** (most important: high yield and thrived in tropical soil, *staple bread flour*), maize, and peanuts

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supplemented bananas, yams, rice, and millet, the principal staple foods of sub-Saharan Africa

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increased food supply **boost population growth** despite the slave trade

What were slaves seen as?

a form of private investment, a type of heritable property, and a means of measuring wealth

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the more slaves you had the more you were able to harvest crops and accumulate more wealth than others

Which areas were most vulnerable to slave trade and why?

Societies between Senegal and Angola due to their proximity to the most active slave ports

Which countries resisted slave trade

Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana

2/3 of all Africans enslaved were…

young men between fourteen and thirty-five years of age

Why was polygyny embraced by Angolans?

women made up more than two-thirds of the adult population of Angola and there was not enough men around to reproduce children

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there was a continuous demand for new shipments of enslaved people and there was not many men due to high mortality rates

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women often took on duties that were the responsibility of men aswell

Why did violence escalate between African states and kingdoms in the late 17th century?

increase in the exchange of enslaved people for European firearms

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with the use of firearms kingdom of Dahomey captured people for unarmed neighboring societies and exchange them for more weapons

Which regions were most slaves in?

tropical and subtropical regions

What was the original major cash crop?

sugar

What did plantations heavily rely on?

slaves

Why was South America (Caribbean) constantly importing slaves?

tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever

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brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition

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gender imbalances

Why was North America better for slaves compared to the South?

conditions were bad in the south and mainly men were working

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north America had less diseases and more normal sex ratio

Maroons

slaves who ran away from the plantation and often raided nearby plantations for arms, tools, provisions, and other enslaved people

Saint-Domingue

revolt to abolish slavery as an institution and the enslaved Africans of Saint-Domingue declared independence from France and renamed the name Haiti

creole language

several African and European languages

Olaudah Equiano

former slave authors best-selling autobiography’

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Eloquent attacks on institutions of slavery

what financially caused slavery to stop

military expenses to prevent rebellions

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price of sugar falls; price of slaves rises

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wage labor becomes efficient