APUSH Unit 9A Test

The terms in italics will be apart of Monday's quiz

Progressive Era

Progressive Era

• Reform

• Change

Progressive Age

1900-1917

• A response to

  • Urbanization and industrialization

  • Abuses by big businesses (trusts)

  • Corruption

  • Inefficiency

  • Social injustice (poor, women)

  • Large $$ gap

Progressives

Are:

• Urban middle class

• More concerned with domestic than foreign policy

Want:

• The gov. to be an instrument of change

• The people must have more power (Democracy must work for the people)

Believed:

• Capitalism must be maintained but tweaked to meet the needs of the workers (big business has too many advantages)

Socialism

Gains strength at this time and challenges capitalism

• Laissez-faire policies of the past not working

Scientific Management

Fredrick Taylor

• Organization in business

• Study worker output

Could be used in politics also

Muckrakers

Writers who expose the “evils” of society

• Increased circulation of newspapers and magazines helped the muckrakers influence on society

Critical of “machine politics”

• Lack of comprehension programs for the poor

• Corruption

Progressive Amendments

• 16th amendment

  • Income tax (graduated)

• 17th amendment

  • Direct election of senators (more political power for the people)

• 18th amendment

  • Prohibition of Alcohol

• 19th amendment

  • Women’s suffrage

Elkins Act

Increased penalties for rate debates

Railroad Business

J.P. Morgan wants to monopolize the rr business in the NW

• Northern Securities Company

• TR breaks up Northern Securities

Meat Inspection Act

The federal gov. would regulate and inspect the meat industry

Pure Food and Drug Act

Created FDA & protected the public against the manufacture, sale, and transportation of mislabeled foods and drugs

The Jungle

Book by Upton Sinclair, a socialist (1906)

• Told horrors of the meat packing industry/plight of the workers

• Tried to show the plight of the workers and the shortcoming of capitalism, however…

• The American public saw the book as a critique of the meat-packing industry

TR pushes for legislation (1906)

• Meat Inspection Act

• Pure Food and Drug Act

Jane Addams

A middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses

• Established settlement houses (Hull House)

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

• Initiative: Voters propose legislation

• Referendum: People get final approval

• Recall: Call a new election

• Average system is more involved

Direct Election of Senators

More accountability to the people

• (17th Amendment)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Regulates trust

• Merger restrictions

• More rights for workers (greater freedom to organize)

  • “Magna Carta for Labor”- Samuel Gompers

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

• Only 2nd DEM pres. since 1861

• Born in Virginia (south reconstruction)

  • Gov. of NJ

  • Pres. of Princeton Univ.

  • Very strong leader but stubborn and idealistic; not a great compromiser

New Freedom

W.W.’s program in his campaign for the presidency

• Attacks the triple wall of privilege

1. Tariffs

2. Banking

3. Trusts

Underwood Tariff

Provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax

Federal Reserve Act

W.W.’s banking of New Freedom

• Sets up present banking system (12 districts)

• Regulates the money supply

Dollar Diplomacy

US will invest in 3rd world countries (China, Lat. America) to build railroads, strategic

• Taft alienates the Progressives

Australian Ballot

A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices

Muller v. Ogden

1908

• Protection of women workers (conditions)

• Louis Brandeis (lawyer)

• Upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours

• Evidence of effects of factory work on women

Brandeis sets a precedent and becomes the 1st Jew on the SC

Lochner v. NY

Supreme Court (1905)

• Loss for Progressives

• Bakers lose fight for a 10-hour work day (down from 12)

WCTU

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

• Largest women’s organization in the world

• Many states and counties pass “dry laws”

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

• 1911

  • 130 people die

• Leads to safety regulations and codes

• Workman’s compensation

Square Deal (3 C’s)

• Corporations: control of corporations

• Consumers: consumer protection

• Conservation: conservation of the environment & its natural resources

According to TR…

• Trusts must be regulated

  • Keep good trusts, break up bad trusts

• Business must know the gov. is in charge, not business

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

• Taft had promised the Progressives a low tariff

• Allows Congress to push through a high tariff

Ballinger-Pinchott affair

• TR had appointed Gifford Pinchott as Head of Forestry Dept.

• Taft appoints Richard Ballinger as Sec. of Interior

• Pinchott disagrees with Ballinger on policy, Ballinger fires Pinchott

  • TR is angry with Taft

• GOP now splits:

  • Old Guard (Taft)

  • Progressives (TR)

Note:

Although Wilson was NOT supportive of women’s suffrage, the Progressive Movement was

Plessy v Ferguson

• Ruled that because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment

• Justices used the “separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision

Election of 1912

Wilson won because Rep party was split