CHAPTER 11 MODIFIED

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

General Formula for Alkenes

CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

General Formula for Alkynes

CnH2n-2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Nomenclature of Alkenes

Naming alkenes involves identifying the longest carbon chain containing the double bond and numbering it to give the double bond the lowest number.

Cycloalkene

A cyclic alkene where the molecule contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Geometric Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms due to the rigidity of double bonds.

Cis Isomer

A geometric isomer where similar groups are on the same side of a double bond.

Trans Isomer

A geometric isomer where similar groups are on opposite sides of a double bond.

Hydrogenation

A reaction where hydrogen is added across a double or triple bond, converting it to a single bond and forming an alkane.

Halogenation

An addition reaction involving the addition of halogens like Cl2 or Br2 to a double or triple bond.

Hydration

An addition reaction where water reacts with an alkene or alkyne, following Markovnikov's rule.

Hydrohalogenation

An addition reaction where hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr) are added to alkenes or alkynes.

Macromolecules

Large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers.

Polymers

Substances composed of long chains of repeating monomers, often used in various industrial applications.

IUPAC Naming

The systematic method of naming chemical compounds as established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

Substitution Reaction

A reaction in which one functional group in a compound is replaced by another.

Nitration

A chemical reaction where a nitro group (NO2) is introduced into an organic compound, typically an aromatic compound.