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Samuel Slater
Made the first textile machine in 1790. Established America's first factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Because British law prevented plans from being exported to America, he created the machine from memory.
Eli Whitney
Yale graduate living in Georgia who invented the cotton gin. Cotton gin was a machine that separated the cotton seeds from the actual cotton, making it easier to sell in high quantities. It strengthened slavery
Interchangeable parts
Parts in a machine that could be replaced individually; the entire machine didn't need to be replaced if only one part was broken
Lowell Mills
A system used in factories which used female labor. The females lived in strict boardinghouses and were between 16 and 30 and left upon marriage. They were paid the equivalent of 84¢ an hour today, which would be $2.40-$3.20 a week. They worked from light to dark every day except Sundays
Commonwealth v. Hunt
A case that gave individuals the right to unionize. It also showed the legality of a union to strike.
Cumberland Road
Also known as the National Road, it was an internal improvement that connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers. It was major highway to be built by the federal government, and it was about 620 miles long. It opened up the West to many people and was the main road into the Northwest Territory.
Robert Fulton, Clermont
A native Pennsylvanian engineer and artist whose steamboat became the first to navigate the Hudson River from New York to Albany. This ship's voyage showed how convenient the steamboat was and showed people that upstream commerce was possible
Erie Canal
Allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City. It was the longest canal in America (This was 363 miles long, and the next longest was only 28 miles long) many cities popped up along the canal and it made New York City "the seat of manufacturing"
It also helped develop the transportation infrastructure. It lowered the cost of shipping by 85%, and towns along it boomed
Transportation Revolution
Internal improvements in transportation that included steamboats, railroads, Erie Canal, National Road, urbanization, movement of people to the west. This was a subset of the Market Revolution and made trade and movement much easier and more accessible to more people. It occurred primarily in the North
Market Revolution
Represented an acceleration of developments already underway in the colonial era. A series of innovations in transportation and communication. Included the Transportation Revolution. It had to do with internal improvements, economic nationalism, industrialization, unionization, creation of the middle class, and a change in the roles of individuals.
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Massachusetts granted a charter to Charles River Bridge company, who made a bridge that collected tolls. When a second bridge was needed, the Warren Bridge company built a bridge that was to be toll free. The Charles River Bridge company sued the state court, citing the Contract Clause of the Constitution. However, they were defeated under the new chief justice, Roger Taney, who said that they didn't have monopoly rights just because they were there first. The victory of the state court opened up the door to much competition
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Dartmouth College had a charter in the colonial period that the state tried to change in order to force the school to put Republicans on its board of trustees. The Supreme Court ruled that the charter was a contract was a charter that couldn't be changed without the school's permission
Transcendentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s and 1840s, where each person communicates directly with God and nature and organized churches are unnecessary. It stressed the beliefs that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
"The American Scholar" (Emerson)
A speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson at Harvard College, where he argued that the rule of individual judgement over preexisting social traditions was the essence of freedom
"Walden" (Thoreau)
A book that recounts the experiences of Henry David Thoreau who retreated to isolation for two years. He argued that the Market Revolution was detrimental to American values and the natural environment. He was a transcendentalist
Second Great Awakening
Religious revivals in the early 1800s organized by established religious leaders who were alarmed by the fact that only 10% of Americans regularly attended church. It quickly expanded beyond existing churches. It made Christianity more popular and linked it with liberty in the minds of most Americans
Alexis de Tocqueville
A French philosopher, politician and author; his book, Democracy in America, encouraged Americans to make their own culture instead of mimicking Europe's culture
Cult of domesticity
The belief that women had to be loving, gentle, tender caregivers; this belief confined women to the home. It believed that housework and childcare were the only two proper things for a woman to do.
John Quincy Adams
Became president in 1824 because of the corrupt bargain. He favored a national university, adoption of universal weights and measures, Henry Clay's American System, and extensive scientific exploration. Implemented the "Tariff of Abominations", the highest tariff in American History. Other than that, his presidency was essentially 'stillborn' due to corruption charges.
Henry Clay
Speaker of the House who used his power to give John Quincy Adams the presidency. "The Great Compromiser"; the Missouri Compromise was his doing. He made the "American System" speech, in which he stated that he wanted internal improvements, a bank of the US, and protective tariffs; the central goal was to downplay sectionalism. He was a warhawk. His ideas were very similar to Hamiltonian Finance; nationalist ideas. He was also the leader of the Whig Party
sectionalism
An idea that was based on the separation of the US. Washington warned against this in his Farewell Address. It furthered sectional economic interests (North/South/West), sectional political power (Republicans vs. Democrats), and sectional identity. Examples include the Missouri Compromise, the Indian Removal Policies, etc.
nationalism
An idea that stressed the coming together of the nation. It advanced the growth of national power, national identity (American identity), and national economic growth. Opposite of sectionalism. Examples include the Era of Good Feelings (single party rule), the American System, the Second Great Awakening, the Monroe Doctrine, etc.
Second Bank of the United States
Congress issued a charter for the First Bank of the United States in 1812, and when they wanted to issue a new one in 1832, so that Andrew Jackson would veto it and lose the election. Jackson did just that; he said that it made the rich richer and hurt the common man. It had too much power and it conflicted with states' rights. However, he ended up winning the election anyways.
Tariff of 1816
A tariff that raised prices on British goods that could be manufactured in the US. Southerners supported this because they thought it would help their region develop a manufacturing base to rival New England's.
Dorr War
Rhode Islanders tried to make a constitution that would allow all free white men to vote. They elected Thomas ____ as governor, however, president John Tyler dispatched troops and the movement collapsed. ____ spent two years in prison.
The American System
A system that promoted internal improvements, bank of the US, and protective tariffs. Coined by Henry Clay in 1824, it had many of the same ideas as Hamiltonian Finance #synthesis #DKOtoldusthiswouldbeonthetest
"Era of Good Feelings"
A time of single-party rule under James Monroe. It was a time of post-War of 1812 Euphoria. The Republicans adopted Federalist beliefs (the Federalists had already accidentally killed themselves at Hartford by this point.) During this time, there was intense nationalism, the economy was improving and growing, and Americans were expanding westward. In the background, there was sectionalism (slavery and internal improvements)
possible essay question/DBQ
"To what extent is the _______________________ accurately named?"
Panic of 1819
Economic depression from 1819-1824 caused by over-speculation of land in the west and too much bought on credit. The Wildcat Banks issued too much paper money that wasn't backed by specie (nice thinking ahead) and the British tightened credit loans. It led banks to tighten credit, and the Bank of the US took on many loans, worsening the depression. This was the end of the Era of Good Feelings #eraofpoorplanning
Wildcat Banks
Issued too much paper money that was not backed by gold or silver. These were the non-national banks
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay's compromise that stated that slavery wouldn't be allowed north of 36º30'. In Missouri, slavery would be legal, but Maine was created to counter it. This encouraged sectionalism and was a bad deal for the south.
Internal improvements
Roads, canals, bridges, railroads, and other utilities that benefitted transportation. The federal government paid for much less than the states did (the states spend almost 10 times as much). These included the Erie Canal, which lowered the cost of shipping by 85%. Steamboats were built for the canal, and railroads were built as an alternative
John Marshall
First Supreme Court Justice. His rulings secured the supremacy of federal law over state law and protected contract rights.
Judicial Nationalism
John Marshall's view of the Judicial branch controlling the country
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland tried to tax the Bank of the US, but the Supreme Court said that states didn't have that right, and "Power to tax is the power to destroy" (Can't you tell he was alive during the Revolution?)
Gibbons v. Ogden
New York granted a monopoly to a steamboat operator who traveled between New York and New Jersey, but the Supreme Court ruled that New York cannot issue a monopoly that violates the interstate commerce clause, which states that Congress has the sole authority to regulate commerce between states
Cohens v. Virginia
Virginia tried to sue sellers of lottery tickets who received their license from Congress. They lost because of the Supremacy Clause, which stated that federal laws override state laws.
Fletcher v. Peck
Georgia invalidated a contract because the original purchase of the Yazoo lands was fraudulent, but the Supreme Court ruled that states cannot terminate contracts without the permission of the other party
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
The US gained the state of Florida after Andrew Jackson invaded it
Monroe Doctrine
Said that Europeans had to stay out of affairs in the Western Hemisphere, and they could no longer colonize the Americas. He also stated that any attempts to control any part of the Americas would be seen as a threat to US security
Corrupt Bargain, 1824
Henry Clay used power as Speaker of the House to hand the 1824 presidential election to John Quincy Adams in return for him appointing Clay as secretary of state
Spoils System
Jackson rewarded his supported his supporters with patronage, mostly jobs in the post office
Tariff of Abominations
The highest tax in American history (from 64%-72%) which was imposed by JQuad (The only thing his administration managed to get done)
John C. Calhoun
The Vice President under JQuad and Jackson; he wrote South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification
The South Carolina Exposition
The pamphlet that John C. Calhoun wrote that declared the high tariffs null and void. This was the third time that people had pushed to nullify federal law (VA + KY Resolutions, Hartford Convention, then this)
Nullification
Declaring a federal law ____ and void
Webster-Hayne Debate
An argument between one Massachusetts and one South Carolina senator, _______ called for national unity "Union now and forever inseparable" and _____ called for states rights and nullification
Indian Removal Act 1830
Passed in 1830, it authorized the moving of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians to the West. Led to Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Worcester v. Georgia, and the Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
The US Army rounded up 14,000 Cherokee Indians and forced them to march west to a reservation. 3,000 Cherokee died during the march.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
In 1831, the Supreme Court ruled that Indians were "domestic dependent nations" but did not challenge their removal from their lands. This has defined the government's relationship with Indians from 1831-present (They later went directly against this ruling. Thanks John Marshall)
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws on the Cherokee nation (Went directly against Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. Thanks John Marshall)
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it. He was known for arrogance, bribes, and corruption.
Anti-Masons
People who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons.
Pet banks
Local banks that Jackson wanted federal money to be moved to
Whigs
Founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the party ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issues.
Martin van Buren
"The Little Magician"; he organized the Democratic-Republicans into a vote-getting machine and he united the North and the South behind states' rights issues
Panic of 1837
Beginning a major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads
Specie Circular
A declaration made by the Jackson Administration declared that henceforth that they would henceforth only accept gold and silver as payment for public land
Election of 1840 (Log Cabin Campaign)
William Henry Harrison won the presidency in this election in which the Whig Party had mastered Martin van Buren's techniques and portrayed him as a champion of the common man. Voter turnout soared to 80%, where it remained for the rest of the 19th Century
Andrew Jackson
Crotch-shootin' spoils-systemin' Indian-removin' Van Buren-benefittin' president who is currently on our $20 bill
positive liberty
A view in which the government enables _______. Freedom THROUGH government. Believed in scholarships and government sponsored agencies. This was the view of the National Republicans/Whigs
negative liberty
A view in which the government gets out of the way to enable _______. Freedom FROM government. Believed in shutting off all government activities by cutting taxes. This was the view of the Democrats.
"Black Belt"
A strip of land in the south with very fertile soil and a dense population of slaves.
Specie Circular
Jackson said that after 1836 the federal government wouldn't accept paper money, only gold and silver
John Tyler
William Henry Harrison's runningmate; Harrison's VP and became president after he died.
Democrats
SMALL GOVERNMENT
Party of tradition, used negative liberty. They looked to the past and opposed banks, privileged economic elites, and reforms that hindered freedom of choice. They favored agriculture, slavery, and rapid territorial expansion. They were a party of farmers and workingmen of the north who believed in states' rights
William Henry Harrison
Ran for President with John Tyler as his VP; "log-cabin" propaganda (barbecues, parades, hard apple cider, etc.)
He "trounced" Van Buren because people were angry at Van Buren due to the Panic of 1837, but he died a month into his presidency. He was a war hero, which gained him support
Roger Taney
Second Supreme Court Justice after John Marshall
Force Bill
Congress gave this to Jackson in 1833 so he could use force against South Carolina and their nullification stuff
Denmark Vesey
A free black who conspired to revolt against whites in Charleston, SC. He is inspired by Caribbean rebels and the French-- so much so that he plans the rebellion for July 14, Bastille Day-- but he was caught and executed by the scared white people
Log Cabin Election
'Tippecanoe and Tyler Too'; Tippecanoe=William Henry Harrison. He used log cabin propaganda. He claimed to live exactly like the common man, even though he lived in a mansion. Talked about drinking hard apple cider (just like everyone else) and fought in the Revolutionary War. Attacked Van Buren
Constitutional Reform
Jackson benefited from ____________ ________ which took place in the 1820s that extended the right to vote to all males over 21 in many states.
Unionization
One consequence of industrialization; workers organized for shorter working days, the right to strike, and better public education
Creation of the middle class
Another consequence of industrialization; managers and factory owners separated work from home life.
Industrialization
A process brought about by the market revolution. Products are made by machines rather than being handmade. This also included the transportation revolution. Two effects of industrialization included unionization and the creation of the middle class.
Tariff of 1833
Tariff that lowered tariffs of 1828 and 1832 by much more in response to SC's Ordinance of nullification
Spinning Jenny
A machine invented by James Hargreaves
