Pharmacology - New Material

What are antifungals used to treat?

dermatophytes

yeast

systemic mycoses

What dermatophyte topical treatment is safe in puppies and kittens?

lime-sulfur

What is thiabendazole found in?

tresaderm

What is chlorhexadine found in?

shampoos with ketoconazole

What are systemic dermatophyte treatments used for?

onchomycosis (nail infections)

multifocal infections

where topical application is not practical

Griseofulvin is effective only on ?

dermatophytes

How can absorption of griseofulvin be enhanced?

administration with a fat-containing meal, margarine, or by using formulations containing propylene glycol

Particle size greatly affects __________ absorption.

oral

What is the most serious hematological effect caused by griseofulvin?

bone marrow suppression

Who are more affected to hematological toxicity with griseofulvin?

cats

Do not use griseofulvin during ?

pregnancy

Can griseofulvin be given to food producing animals?

no

What can be used as an alternative treatment for those that cannot tolerate griseofulvin?

azoles

What can lufenuron be used to prevent?

fleas and ringworm (inhibits chitin)

What can lufenuron be used to treat?

active dermatophyte infections

What is an alternative in dogs or cats with either Malassazia or dermatophytosis when they cannot tolerate the azoles?

terbinafine

Nausea and vomiting have been reported in _________ treated with terbinafine.

cats

What yeast therapy drugs are too toxic to use systemically?

nystatin and clotrimazole

What are the etiologic agents of systemic mycoses?

blastomycosis

histoplasmosis

coccidiomycosis

cryptococcosis

sporotrichosis

aspergillosis

What is mainly used in combination with fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis?

fluorocytosine

What is a major side effect of fluorocytosine?

bone marrow suppression

What is useful for systemic candidal infections and most systemic mycoses?

amphoteracin B

Amphoteracin B is only given _______. Why?

IV, poorly absorbed orally and irritating to SQ tissues if extravasated

What is a major side effect of amphoteracin B?

nephrotoxicity

You should maintain ____ during amphoteracin B therapy.

GFR

What amphoteracin product prevents damage to the kidney?

liposomal

What azole is is an enzyme inhibitor that is important in drug interactions?

ketoconazole

Should ketoconazole be given with food?

yes

Should itraconazole be given with food?

yes

Does fluconazole have to be given with food?

no

What azole has activity against aspergillus?

voriconazole

What can voriconazole be used in?

dogs, birds, horses

What can voriconazole not be used in?

cats (neurotoxic)

Unlike other azoles, if voriconazole is given with a ____________, it may decrease absorption.

fatty diet

What is used to treat sporotrichosis and woody tongue in cattle?

sodium iodide

What is used orally, often in feed, to control bovine infectious pododermatitis (bacterial foot rot)?

EDDI (ethylenediamine dihydriodide)

Sporotrichosis is caused by the fungus ?

Sporothrix schenckii

How is sporotrichosis transmitted in dogs?

puncture wounds

How is sporotrichosis transmitted in cats?

scratch or bite with contaminated claws or teeth

How is sporotrichosis transmitted in humans?

open, draining sores on infected cats

What are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms?

antimicrobials

The suffix __________ indicates that the drugs kill microorganisms.

-cidal

The suffix _________ indicates that the drug inhibits replication, but does not directly kill the microorganism.

-static

What is the goal of antimicrobial therapy?

kill or disable pathogens without killing the host

What does successful administration of antimicrobials require?

microorganism is susceptible to chosen antimicrobials

the antimicrobial is able to reach the site of infection at appropriate concentrations

animal must be able to tolerate high concentrations of the drug

A bacterial strain with a MIC for an antimicrobial that is low enough to not to produce significant side effects in the host is said to be ?

sensitive

A concentration that is required to kill or inhibit the pathogen is so high that it would cause significant side effects in the host the bacteria is said to be ?

resistant

What is when bacteria and other microorganisms have developed the ability to survive in the presence of antimicrobial drugs designed to kill them?

drug resistance/antimicrobial resistance

What are examples of aminoglycosides?

gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin

What can gentamicin be used in?

IM/SQ in dogs and cats

more commonly given IV

What is amikacin used in?

approved for intrauterine use in horses

usually used IV

What is tobramycin used in?

approved for IV use in humans

used IV in animals as an alternate to amikacin

Aminoglycosides are __________ and effective against ?

bactericidal, oxygen dependent bacteria

Aminoglycosides are not absorbed well ?

orally

What is the only labeled oral aminoglycoside?

neomycin

Topical aminoglycosides are not well absorbed across ______________ but can be absorbed across ____________.

intact skin, burns and wounds

What toxicity occurs when the renal tubule selectively absorbs the drug where it covalently binds to ribosomes and mitochondria?

nephrotoxicity

What ototoxicity leads to deafness?

chochlea

What ototoxicity leads to ataxia and nystagmus?

vestibular nerve injury

What is the least common toxicity associated with aminoglycosides?

neuromuscular blockade

With ototoxicity, _____ are very sensitive to the vestibular side effects.

cats

What is related to aminoglycosides, but lacks nephro and ototoxicity?

aminocyclitols

What is the only member of the aminocyclitols?

spectinomycin

What are the injectable fluoroquinolones?

enrofloxacin

danofloxacin

ciprofloxacin

Enrofloxacin (Baytril) is used for __________ (Baytril 100) is used for ____________.

dogs and cats, bovine respiratory disease

Rapid administration of enrofloxacin causes ?

seizures

Give danfloxacin (A-180) for ?

bovine respiratory disease

What are the oral fluoroquinolones?

enrofloxacin

difloxacin

orbifloxacin

marbofloxacin

ciprofloxacin

pradofloxacin

What drugs can cause arthropathy?

fluoroquinolones

What fluoroquinolone can cause blindness due to retinal injury in cats?

enrofloxacin

What fluoroquinolone can cause bone marrow suppression in dogs?

pradofloxacin

What are the most commonly used drugs for rickettsial diseases?

tetracyclines

What are examples of tetracyclines?

tetracycline HCl

chlortetracycline

oxytetracycline

doxycycline

minocycline

What is the primary injectable tetracycline in veterinary medicine?

oxytetracycline

What tetracycline is used as a feed additive, used in food animal species for disease treatment and prevention, and can be used as a growth promotant?

chlortetracycline

What is a Type A Medicated Article for disease control and treatment in chickens, including laying hens and turkeys? It is the only tetracycline class drug with no restrictions for use in laying chickens

aureomycin (chlortetracycline)

What tetracycline is primarily used in small animals (capsule and liquid) and in poultry (water additive)?

tetracycline HCL

What is the preferred tetracycline in small animals? It requires q12h dosing for Ehrlichiosis treatment.

doxycycline

What is GI floral disruption, yeast overgrowth, and salmonella in horses caused by?

tetracyclines

Expired tetracyclines can cause ?

nephrotoxicity

The tablet form of ____________ can cause esophageal ulcers in cats.

doxycycline

What are used mostly for coccidiosis and bovine foot rot?

sulfonamides

What are examples of sulfonamides?

sulfadimethoxine (albon)

sulfachlorpyridazine (vetisulid)

sulfadiazine

Never give injectable sulfonamides any other route than ____ because it causes tissue slough.

IV

What type of adverse reactions of sulfonamides affects dobermans?

B

"The use of ________________ in lactating dairy cattle, other than those medications specifically approved for use, has been specified by the Food and Drug Administration as a high priority for regulatory attention."

sulfonamides

What are some common macrolides?

erythromycin

tylosin

azithromycin

tilmicosin

clarithromycin

What is one of the macrolides used to treat C. (Rhodococcus) equi infections in foals?

erythromycin

What macrolide is sometimes recommended for the treatment of chronic colitis in small animals? It is commonly used in dogs to treat tear staining (epiphora).

oral tylosin

What macrolide is indicated for the treatment of bovine or ovine respiratory disease caused by Mannheimia (Pasturella) haemolytica?

tilmicosin

What macrolide has been shown to be ineffective in the treatment of Mycoplasma haemofelis or eliminating Chlamydophila felis in cats? It may be potentially useful for treating Rhodococcus infections in foals.

azithromycin

What macrolide is used in small animals for campylobacter diarrhea?

erythromycin

What macrolide can cause colic and death in horses?

tylosin

Tilmicosin can be ___________ to ducks, goats, horses, pigs, and humans.

cardiotoxic

What macrolide is approved to treat beef cattle and swine for respiratory disease?

tulathromycin

Azithromycin has a ___________ half life and ___________ GI side effects than erythromycin.

longer, fewer

What macrolide is sometimes used in Rhodococcus equi infected foals where a non-respiratory foci (e.g., endocarditis) exist due to its longer plasma life?

clarithromycin

What is the slaughter withdrawal for tildipirosin?

21 days

What are examples of phenicols?

chloramphenicol

florfenicol

What phenicol is used extra-labely in hospitalized horses? Short half-life requires high and frequent dosing.

chloramphenicol