Caesar and Rome

Name the ways the Republic began to weaken after the Punic Wars.

1. Conquered territories began to demand Roman Citizenship
2. Conquered people wanted to be able to hold office

Did the people get what they wanted?

Eventually, at first, the Senate denied them, but they won in the end, got citizenship, and could hold office.

Who were the grandchildren of Scipio Africanus?

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, newly elected tribunes, made improvements in what areas?

Helped the veterans of the main wars of the Republic

How did Tiberius die?

Beaten to death with wooden chairs

How did Gauis die?

Killed himself

What dangerous precedent emerged after the killings?

Violence can force the Republic into decisions

How did Gaius Marius gain the loyalty of the army?

Meritocracy (ability) and he increased the spoils in war

Why was this bad for the Republic?

They started to become loyal to him, not the Senate.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla also had a loyal military and even "marched on Rome." He became the first ever what of Rome?

Self-appointed dictator/monarch of Rome

Sulla exiled Gaius to this place, but he later returned.

Africa

The Republic was vulnerable against whom with what?

Powerful military generals with high aspirations

Describe Crassus.

1. One of the wealthiest men in Rome
2. Sought military glory
3. Spartacus slave rebellion in Greece, which he crushed
4. Army hero and savior of Rome

Describe Pompey.

1. Defended Rome against two rebellions
2. Wanted to be a consul
3. Joined with Crassus and two armies against the Senate

In Rome, armies were controlled by the government, T or F?

False, Individuals

What did Caesar use to get power?

Wealth (had the support of Crassus and Pompey)

When did Caesar become consul?

59 BC

How long did the First Triumvirate last?

60-53 BC

The Triumvirate was an official power, T or F?

False

They were not a government institution but the de facto leaders in Rome (very powerful) What does de facto mean?

Denoting someone or something that is such in fact

When and how did Crassus die?

Gold poured down his mouth (53 BC)

Who was Cicero?

The head of the Senate and enemy to Caesar but friend to Pompey

How did Cicero find a way to stop Caesar before he got too powerful?

Charge him for treason

Who became consul and ordered Caesar to come back to face trial?

Pompey

What were Caesar's two options

Go to Rome, have a trial, and get convicted or say no and start a civil war

What was the border between Gaul and Rome?

The Rubicon River

Who wanted to compromise and who did not budge?

Caesar wanted to, but not Pompey

What occurred on January 10, 49 BC?

Caesar and his troops crossed the Rubicon as outlaws of Rome

What does "Alea iacta est" mean?

the die has been cast

The war ended at the battle of Pharsalus. Who came out victorious?

Caesar because his army was too strong for Pompey's. Rome is now his.

Where did Pompey go after?

He fled to Egypt, but was killed.

What does "veni, vidi, vici" mean?

I came, I saw, I conquered

What did Caesar do once he won (7)?

1. Pardoned enemies
2. Great politician
3. Reduced taxes
4. Granted citizenship to conquered territories
5. Increased number of senators (diluted their power)
6. Allied with Cleopatra in Egypt
7. Became a Dictator for Life

Why did Caesar have enemies in Rome?

He used nepotism and was very secretive

Mark Antony offered Caesar a crown, but why did he refuse?

To seem virtuous. Caesar was very clever and manipulative. Did many things to seem great and gain power.

Who were the main conspirators/haters of Caesar?

Brutus and Cassius

How did they justify Caesar's killing?

The Republic would fall under him

On March 15th, 44 BC, Caesar was killed. What is this day also known as?

Ides of March

Many signs were shown before Caesar's death, T or F?

True (wife's nightmares and soothesayer)

What does "Sic Semper Tyrannis" mean?

Thus always the tyrants (Caesar's death, John Wilke's booth, and Virginia state flag).