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Last updated 1:25 PM on 1/30/23
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23 Terms
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Microtubule spindle fibres
pulls the sister chromatids to the poles of the cell
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Prophase
\-chromosomes become shorter and fatter→ supercoiling
\-nucleus breaks down
\-nucleus breaks down
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Metaphase
\-microtubule depolymerisation causes spindle fibres to shorten in length and contract
\-chromosomes move to the centre with the help of fibres
\-chromosomes move to the centre with the help of fibres
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Anaphase
\-sister chromatids separate and move to the poles, they are carried by spindles
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Telophase
\-Spindle fibres dissolve
\-Chromosomes decondense
\-Nuclear membranes form
\-Chromosomes decondense
\-Nuclear membranes form
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Cytokinesis
\-Part of M stage, but not part of mitosis
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Cytokinesis in animals
\-a cleavage forms and it deepens towards the centre
\-it is described as **centripetal** since it moves from the outside and moves towards the centre
\-it is described as **centripetal** since it moves from the outside and moves towards the centre
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Cytokinesis in plants
\-Vesicles form a row at the centre of the cell
\-They fuse together and for an early cell plate
\-Fuses with the cell wall to form two daughter cells
\-it is described as **centrifugal** as it moves laterally
\-They fuse together and for an early cell plate
\-Fuses with the cell wall to form two daughter cells
\-it is described as **centrifugal** as it moves laterally
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Mitotic Index
Cells in mitosis/ total number of cells
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Cell cycle order
G1 **→** S **→** G2 **→** Mitosis **→** Cytokinesis
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What happens in interphase
\-DNA Replication (S phase)
\-Organelle Duplication
\-Cell Growth
\-Transcription/ Translation
\-Obtain Nutrients
\-Respiration (cellular)
\-Organelle Duplication
\-Cell Growth
\-Transcription/ Translation
\-Obtain Nutrients
\-Respiration (cellular)
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Chromotin vs chromosome
Chromotin→
\-loosely packed DNA
\-accessible to transcription
\-interphase
Chromosome→
\-supercoiled
\-inaccessible to transcription
\-mitosis
\-loosely packed DNA
\-accessible to transcription
\-interphase
Chromosome→
\-supercoiled
\-inaccessible to transcription
\-mitosis
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Cyclins
\-They activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
\-cyclins and CDK form a complex that binds to a target protein and modifies it via **phosphorylation**
\-target protein triggers specific events which regulate the cell cycle
\-cyclins and CDK form a complex that binds to a target protein and modifies it via **phosphorylation**
\-target protein triggers specific events which regulate the cell cycle
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Phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule
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CDK’s and cyclins patterns
Cyclin levels will peak **before** CDKs
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Mutagen
an agent that changes the genetic material of an organism
\
physical: UV, X-ray
chemical: metals
biological: viruses
\
physical: UV, X-ray
chemical: metals
biological: viruses
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Carcinogens
Mutagens that lead to the formation of cancer
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Onconogene
a gene that has the potential to cause cancer
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Proto-oncongens
code for proteins that stimulate the cell cycle and promoto cell growth
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Tumour suppressor genes
\-code for proteins that repress cell cycle progression
\-aka anti-onconogenes
\-aka anti-onconogenes
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Metastasis
\-the spread of cancer from one location to another
\-secondary tumours are made up of the same type of cell as the primary tumour
\-secondary tumours are made up of the same type of cell as the primary tumour
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2 types of tumour
Benign→ remain in one location
Malignant→ spread and invade neighbouring tissue
Malignant→ spread and invade neighbouring tissue
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Cigarette link to cancer
\-Cigarette smoke contains over 60 carcinogenic substances
Note 
Flashcards (40)