LOGIC PRELIMS 2

Method in order to attain a certain demonstrated knowledge, It is deductive. from universal to particular. Uses syllogism

Aristotelian Logic

Three acts of the mind

1. Simple Apprehension

2. Judgement

3. Reasoning

Simple grasping of object or an essence of a thing

Simple Apprehension

Affirming or denying something

Reasoning

Act of acquiring new knowledge from a previous knowledge

Reasoning

Three Basic Functions of a Language

1. Informative

2. Expressive

3. Directive

It is used to be informed

Informative

To express certain emotions or to evoke feelings

Expressive

Ac act to issuing a command, requests, instructions or recommendations

Directive

Occurs when the premises of an argument are irrelevant to the conclusion of that argument. It supports a different conclusion and the conclusion of the said argument requires different premises if an argument is to be established.

Fallacies of Relevance

Uses force, threats or unpleasant backlashes. as a mean to irrelevantly sway a person’s opinion.

Argumentum Ad Baculum/ Appeal to Force / Might-Makes-Right Fallacy

Argument from pity

Argumentum Ad Misericordiam/ Appeal to emotion

An idea or proposal is given merit or dismissed based purely on its popularity or widespread belief

Argumentum Ad Populum/ Appeal to the masses

Attacks the characteristics or authority of the writer without addressing the substance of the argument

Argumentum Ad Hominem

Argumentum Ad Hominem Fallacies

1. Abusive

2. Tu Quoque

3. Circumstantial

4. Guilt by Association

An abusive attack against someone making an argument instead of addressing the argument itself

Abusive

Claiming that someone’s argument must be false because its not consistent with their past action or words

Tu Quoque

Suggesting that someone’s argument is motivated by their personal circumstances and therefore must be invalid

Circumstantial

When the source of an argument is discredited due to their association with something negative

Guilt by association

Discredits the source or origin of an argument instead of the argument itself

Genetic Fallacy

Is a type of fallacy that is used to generalize an experience by using examples rather than evidence. It jumps into conclusion and can commonly lead to the listener or reader being given stereotype or misinformation

Hasty Generalization/ Hasty Induction/ Over extension

Applying a general rule to a situation where the rule does not really apply.

Fallacy of Accident

An argument that simply ignores a person’s actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position

Straw-man Fallacy

Attempts to distract from the main issue by bringing in irrelevant information

Red Herring Fallacy

Demonstrating the truth of a proposition by citing some person who agrees even though that person may have no expertise in the given area

Argumentum Ad Verecundiam

Occurs when someone claims that a conclusion must be true if it hasnt been proven false, or false if it hasnt been proven true

Appeal to ignorance

Assuming that an event must have been the cause of a later event because it happened earlier

Post Hoc Fallacy

Occurs when an argument treats a factor that is not a cause as cause

Non Causa Pro Causa/ false cause/ questionnable cause

Involves making an issue more simple than it isa

Oversimplification

Type of fallacy that is used in order to show that if scenario A were to take place then it would eventually result in scenario Z by way of scenario C, D, E and so forth. If the scenario Z is seen to be catastrophic and undesirable the argument would suggest that scenario A should never take place

Slippery slope fallacy

Making inferences based on an analogy that is too different from the argument

False Analogy

Used as a way to create an argument in which the conclusion is assumed true through the premise of the of the claim. Argument 1 assumes that argument 1 is correct making argument 1 correct.

Begging the question Fallacy

This fallacy involves posing a question in such a way that by either affirming or denying it implies agreeing to something to controversial in the question

Complex question/ loaded question

Has the appearance of forming a logical argument but under closer scrutiny it becomes evident that there are more possibility that the either/ or choices that is represented

Black or white Fallacy/ False Dilemma