protein feeds

protein feeds are generally classified as

concentrates

what are the 2 processes of getting oil out of plants

1. solvent process (more expensive)

2. hydraulic or expeller processes (older)

how do methods of processing affect quality

• maillard reaction - excess heat - ties up lysine & decreases protein quality

• insufficient heat may decrease quality

• level of fiber in the seedcoat

major oilseeds

• soybean

• cottonseed

• linseed

• peanut

• copra (coconut)

• canola

minor oilseeds

• rapeseed

• safflower

• sesame

• sunflower

• camelina

__ meal means

what’s left after taking out the oil out of the seed

soybean meal

• most widely used plant protein feed

• grown mostly for oil, leftover product is high in protein

• CP: hulled = 44%, dehulled = 48.5% (more variable)

• 3-3.5% lysine (highest of any plant source)

soybean meal is created by adding __ back

hulls → CP is not as variable as dehulled (47-50%)

processing soybeans

dehulled → cracked → oil is extracted → toasted → hulls maybe be added back

soybeans have to be toasted because:

raw bean has trypsin inhibitor, an enzyme that inhibits protein digestion

toasting soybean can be bad because:

• you have to ensure it is not overheated

• can denature proteins

• can destroy urease (an enzyme that breaks down urea and can be useful to ruminants)

cottonseed meal

• byproduct from cotton, cottonseed oil

• oil extraction occurs by both solvent and mechanical methods

• available as meal or cake

• CP: 36-41%

• TDN: 61-70%

• CF: 10-14%

• low protein quality, 1.5-1.7% lysine

gossypol

• found in cottonseeds

• can be over 1:1 ratio of ferrous sulfate

• older animals are less sensitive

• most toxic to poultry, then swine, and least toxic to ruminants

• symptoms like pneumonia

lineseed meal

• byproduct from flax, lineseed oil

• northern crop

• CP: 34-38%

• 1.1% lysine

• CF: 9%

• fair amounts of Ca, .42%

• high P, .87%

• palatable & slightly laxative

• can give a glossier haircoat

lineseed meal is normally fed to

• ruminants

• horses (for haircoat)

• can be used as a (25-30%) replacement feed for swine or poultry

sunflower

• remains from oil extraction are used

• more variable composition due to variation in level of separation of seed from shell

  • CP: 32-47%

  • CF: 24-10%

  • lysine: 1.4-2%

• best as ruminant feed

• major use for birdseed

safflower

• remains from oil extraction are used

• oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids

• meal is less palatable than other meals

• decorticated (dehulled) best for livestock

• major use for birdseed

• composition:

  • CP: 19-42%

  • .7-1.3% lysine

  • CF: 15-30%

rapeseed

• remains after hull & oil are removed are used

• important to cool climates where other oil seeds do not grow

• composition

  • CP: 36-40%

  • 1.7-2.3% lysine

  • CF: 14%

• danger from erucic acid & myrosinase enzyme

erucic acid can be removed from rapeseed by

oil extraction

myrosinase enzyme can be removed from rapeseed by

heating properly

erucic acid is bad because

it is not palatable

myrosinase enzyme is bad because

it has the potential of forming glucosinolates which are goitrogenic which interfere with thyroid function

canola is improved

rapeseed

canola contains

• 10% omega 3

• 16% omega 6 fatty acids

peanut meal

• fat extracted from peanut kernels

• composition varies, depending on shell inclusion

  • CP: 40-48%

  • 1.5-1.7% lysine

  • CF: 13%

• danger from aflatoxin

• feed to ruminants

copra (coconut meal)

• from processing coconuts for oil

• highly variable composition

• fed to ruminants

camelina

• approved by FDA for use as cattle supplement, up to 10%

• plant is a relative of canola

• high in omega-3 fatty acids

• fed to poultry

• short growing season

• grown in montana

• interest for biodiesel fuel

protein feeds from animal & marine sources

• meal meal

• meat & bone meal

• tankage

• blood meal

• poultry by-product meal

• feather meal

• fishmeal

• milk & byproduct

  • dry skim milk

  • dry buttermilk

  • dried whey

general characteristics protein feeds from animal & marine sources

• generally variable in composition

• may be rich in lysine but low in sulfur amino acids and tryptophan

• generally included at 5-10% of the diet

• inedible by-products constitute 44% of live weight of cattle

  • so reduced waste

  • however animal by-products are no longer fed to cattle because of fear of mad cow

tankage

• byproduct of meat packing and rendering plants

  • includes: bone, blood, gut, tendons

  • no: air, hoof, horn, manure, stomach contents, hide

• variable composition

• labelled with guarantees for

  • min crude protein

  • min pepsin digestible protein

  • max moisture

  • max ash

• used primarily in swine feeds

• improved quality as of late

meat meal

• rendered product from mammal tissues

• excludes: blood, hair, hood, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents (as much as possible)

• CP: 45-55%

• 3-3.5% lysine

• dry rendered

• if >4.4% P → meat & bone meal

blood meal

• from packing plants

• CP: 80-85%

dried blood plasma proteins

• higher quality and more palatable than blood meal

• fed in starter diets for early-weaned pigs

feather meal

• CP: 85%

• use limited to non-ruminants, ok for ruminants

• both feathers and hair must be extensively cooked to make proteins digestible

fish meal

• fish caught for animal feed

• waste from fish processed for humans

• excellent sources of CP and amino acids

concerns of fish meal

• high oil → rancidity

• fishy odors and flavors

milk products

• excellent protein sources but expensive

• milk replacers

• starter diets

• avoid overheating

NPN

• non-protein nitrogen

• main source: urea

• commercial forms: 281% CP, 45% N