HPS Atsonomy (Unit 9)

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Hipparchus

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First recorded start maps

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Ptolemy

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Geocentric model of solar system

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44 Terms

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Hipparchus

First recorded start maps

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Ptolemy

Geocentric model of solar system

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Copernicus

First heliocentric model of solar system

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Brache

Incredible observations

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Kepler

Laws of planetary motion

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Galileo

First to utilize the refractive telescope

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Newton

First reflective telescope

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Hubble

Observed redshifts of galaxies (close or far)

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Penzias and Wilson

Discovered CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background)

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Hipparchus, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Brache, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Hubble, and Penzias and Wilson

Order of old white male astronomers

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Sextant

Instrument that measures angle of stars

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Parallax

Apparent motion of star to observers position

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Retrograde Motion

When planets appear to move backwards in the sky compared to stars

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Reflector Telescope

Mirror based

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Refractor Telescope

Lense based telescope

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Spectroscope

Breaks down wavelengths of visible light

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Space Probes

Robotic spacecraft sent to explore space (no human)

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Declination

Celestial Latitude Coordinates (Northern star = 90 degrees)

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Right Ascension

Celestial Longitude Coordinates

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Ecliptic

The path the sun takes in the sky (rises in east/sets in west)

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Zenith

90 degrees above the observer’s head (north pole = north star)

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Altitude

How high the star is above the horizon (one first = 10 degrees)

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Azimuth

Direction the star is in (N=0 degrees, S = 180 degrees, etc)

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Paths of celestial bodies

Very ovally and not round!

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Constellations

Groups of stars which appear close together from Earth to form a recognizable shape

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S, M, V, E, M, AB, J, S, U, N, KB, and OC

Order of solar system

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Keplers Law

All orbits are ellipticsl, equal time = equal area, year is affected by distance from sun

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Semi-major Axis

The distance planets are from the sun

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Magnitude

how bright a star appears (related to brightness)

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Temperature

Average Kinetic Energy

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Brightness

Power per unit area (W/m^2)

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Luminocity

Power of a star

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Composition of a Star

Hydrogen and Helium

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Star Sequence

Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence Star, Red Giant, Super Red Giants (split after that)

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Astronomical Distances (smallest to largest)

Astronomical Unit, Lightyear, Parsec, Megaparsec

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Steady State Theory

The universe looked the same the whole time and won’t change with time

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Hubble’s Constant

As things are farther away, the larger the shift in the color spectrum and faster they move

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Redshift

When a galaxy is far away and appears more red

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Cosmic Microwave Background

Leftover micro radiation left over from the big bang

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Closed Universe

“Big Crunch” and gravity wins

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Flat Universe

“Critical Density” and the universe never dies

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Open Universe

“Big Freeze” and gravity loses

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Inflationary Universe

“Big Rip” and gravity loses

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Critical Density

All the forces in the universe stay the perfect ratio and the universe continues forever