All Wars and Treaties during Louis XIV's reign

Frondes (1)

3 Different Frondes - 2 major 1 minor from 1648-1655 -

• Fronde of the Parlements - August 1648 - March 1649

• The Aristocratic Frondes- January 1650 - February 1653

• Ormee Fronde - 1652-1655

The Fronde’s aims were -

• To overthrow Mazarin,

• For Personal political gain,

• To overcome socio-economic hardship.

What was the cause of the Frondes of the Parlements? (1)

• Mazarin wanted to arrest Parlement members after Conde’s victory against the Spanish as they would be in the open during the victory ceremony on 26th August 1648,

• Some magistrates were arrested, including Paris Parlement magistrate Pierre Broussel, this sparked a Parisian mob to rally to his defence,

• Anne said no and Chancellor Seguir was blocked from entering the Palais de Justice, forcing him to hide in a cellar for 2 days until the judges were released.

What was the Chambre Saint-Louis programme in the Frondes of the Parlement? (1)

• 22 October 1648 caused the Chambre Saint-Louis programme. Agreed on by Gaston and Conde. It abolished -

  • New office sales,

  • Intendents and extraordinary commissioners,

  • Royal abolitions of Parlement decrees,

  • New forms of taxation assessment and collection,

  • Lettres de Cachet (letters signed by king imposing edicts).

• This caused Mazarin and Anne to flee Paris and approach Conde to attack Paris with them.

Who fought for what side in the Frondes of the Parlement? (1)

Mazarin and Anne’s side -

• Conde,

Parlements side -

• Conti,

• Longueville,

• Beaufort,

• Gondi,

• Charles of Lorraine,

• Duc de Bouillon,

• Duke D’Elbeuf,

• General Turenne.

What happened during the Frondes of the Parlement? (1)

• January 9th 1648, Mazarin dubbed ‘enemy of king and state’ and was demanded to be exiled,

• Conde besieged Paris,

• Conti posed as Mazarin and asked Habsburgs for help through invading the Low Countries,

• Parlements side requested Spanish aid to overthrow Mazarin,

• Divisions between aristocrats and parlementary royalists weakened revolt, leading to Peace of Rueil (March 1649).

What were the terms of the Peace of Rueil in the Frondes of the Parlement? (1)

• Bought the crown time; when Louis came of age a year later concessions would be revoked,

• Ended the war,

• Allowed Louis XIV’s return to Paris.

What was the cause of the Aristocratic Fronde? (1)

Was due to aristocratic ambitions -

• Beaufort wanted Brittany’s governorship,

• Bouillon wanted control of Sedan,

• Conti wanted disgraced troublemaker Madame de Chevreuse’s return.

Aristocrats plotted against Mazarin and called Peace of Rueil cowardly,

Mazarin tried to divide aristocrats and Parlement in 1649 by offering -

• Magistrates the chance to put prominent Frondeurs on trial,

• To pay officers’ salaries and rentiers’ interest,

Conde wasn’t satisfied and wouldn’t fight for Mazarin unless she was given a leading political role,

He made deals with Gaston and Gondi to protect him in return for Cardinal nomination,

Arrested Conde, Conti and Longueville (January 1650). leading to Parlement condemning -

• Arrests of princes of the blood royal family members,

• Violation of Rueil’s guarantee of individual freedom against unjust punishment.

What happened during the Aristocratic Fronde? (1)

3 wives of prisoners instigated aristocratic revolts -

• Duchesse de Longueville recruited Marshal Turenne, leading to risings in Normandy, signed a peace pact with Spanish financial and military help to overthrow Mazarin (April 1650),

• Claire-Clemence de Maille-Breze (Conde’s wife) led resistance in Guyenne, Burgundy and Berry, leading to Bordeaux’s parlement joining Conde’s supporters,

• Conti’s wife encouraged revolt in Champagne.

Mazarin tried to recall frontline troops but failed,

Touraine and Bordeaux stopped paying taxes, Mazarin had to rely on high-interest loans,

Mazarin opposed Gondi’s Cardinal appointment - leading to him joining the anti-Mazarin group,

Anne accepted Parlements request to release the prisoners and exile Mazarin, causing Mazarin to be exiled in February 1651

Conde had alienated himself from allies by -

• Making himself Guyenne and Berry governor (controlling 25% of France),

• Ignoring other aristocrats ideas,

• Opposing Gondi’s Cardinal-bid,

• Opposing Mademoiselle Chevreuse’s marriage to Conti, antagonising Chevreuse family.

Why and how was there peace for the Aristocratic Fronde? (1)

Louis ended his minority and recalled Mazarin in September 1651. Conde lost battles as it was against Louis now not Mazarin. He lost by -

• Accepting Spanish military and financial assistance (November 1651),

• Committing war crimes, massacring Parisians (April 1652).

Mazarin’s exile changed public opinion to that of suing for peace. This was very bad for Conde, as was Paris’ surrender to Turenne,

Mazarin bribed Gaston to leave Paris,

Fronde was finished September 1652 with Conde leaving to fight for the Spanish.

What happened during the Ormee Fronde? (1)

• 1652-1653,

• Rise in taxation since 1632 caused small businesses to attack nobles and magistrates,

• They were overthrown in 1653 however, food and wine trade breaking down caused starvation leading to Mazarin sending troops to Bordeaux, taking it back.

30 Years War (2)

War of most of Europe against The Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire, with France being one of the main powers against. 1618-1648

What was the peace of Westphalia? (2)

* 1648 -
* Ended 30 years war,
* France gained 10 imperial cities which protected France from Habsburg attack on French Comte,
* France benefitted from this war more than they got credit for,
* It strengthened Brandenburg, Sweden and the German Elector Princes (France’s allies),
* However, the war didn’t achieve any of Richelieu’s aims - End war with Spain and Pacifying Lorraine, which stayed at war with France.

What was the treaty of Westminster? (2)

November 1655 - Between France and England to stop England allying with Spain - helped to capture the exiled Frondeurs in England.

What was the League of German Princes? (2)

Created by Mazarin in 1658 by playing on the German Princes fear of Leopold’s ambitions when he became king in 1657.

What was the Treaty of the Pyrenees? (2)

Signed in November 1659, established France as a contender in Europe and amended flaws in Peace of Westphalia.

• League of German Princes afforded-

  • Protection of large area of Rhineland,

  • Strengthened border security,

  • Opportunities to launch pre-emptive attacks against Habsburgs

• Strengthened France and made massive gains allowing attacks against Spain and the Spanish Netherlands with tariffs including-

  • All gains at Westphalia,

  • Roussillon allowing customs tariffs to be collected,

  • Control of -

    • Luxembourg,

    • Most of Artois and the Gravelines in the North,

    • Lorraine,

    • Barrois in Lorraine,

• Allowed future claims to Spanish throne and put France in positive European opinion-

  • Mazarin made sure claims were excessive or provoking - offered to renounce claim to Spanish throne for 500,000 gold-ecu, which the Spanish couldn’t pay,

  • Gave Dunkirk and Mardyke to England,

  • Granted Lorraine independence in 1661,

• Mazarin pardoned Conde and abandoned French claims to Catalonia and support for Portuguese allies.

Franco-Dutch War (3)

1672-1678

What were the reasons for the Franco-Dutch war? (3)

Reasons for the Franco-Dutch War -

• Louis wanted to humiliate the Dutch for joining the Triple alliance against them,

• Louis had an underlying hatred for the Dutch,

• Lionne isolated the Dutch,

• France had increased military size and strength,

• No ministerial opposition to war, but complete support,

Louis wanted to further increase his gloire by attacking weak enemies, leading him to attack in 1672. This however lost one of his aims of trying to become the ‘Most Christian King’.

The Hawks Conde and Turenne supported the war - they dominated after Dove Lionne’s retirement in 1671.

What was the initial success of the Franco-Dutch war and what were the terms of the first treaty Louis gave? (3)

The war was an initial success, but ended in failure for Louis after 1672. This was due to Louis ignorance which was shown by -

• Although they captured 40 towns in the first years, Louis had to be present at all of them, making it take longer to capture towns. It also prevented the taking of Amsterdam as Louis wasn’t there so Conde couldn’t attack until he got there, giving the Dutch time to make a river flow between France and Amsterdam, making it so France can’t attack it,

• Louis rejection of generous peace terms offered by De Witt’s government in June 1672, which was more than France actually got in the Peace of Nijmegen in 1679,

Louis offering of Peace came with heavy demands that the Dutch had to refuse, forcing them to fight on. These demands included -

• Loss of all captured territories,

• End of anti-French tariffs,

• Admissions of Catholics to worship publicly,

• Reparations of French war costs in 1672 - 27 million livres,

• Annual Dutch ambassadorial submission to himself.

How and when did the tide of the Franco-Dutch war change? (3)

However, by 1674, the tide of war had changed. Turenne’s devastation of the Palatinate caused Leopold to form the Grand Alliance in 1674. France had many setbacks in the war between 1675-77 including -

• Sweden being defeated by Brandenburg , leaving France alone in fighting against the pro-Dutch alliance,

• Conde retired due to gout,

• Turenne was killed by a stray cannonball in 1675,

• Leopold’s ally Duke of Lorraine captured Phillipsburg in 1676, exposing France’s eastern border to attack,

• No breakthrough of the Dutch frontier by 1677.

This caused Louis to have to sign the Peace of Nijmegen. This showed Louis’ failure to achieve his objectives.

What was the treaty of Nijmegen and was it successful or not? (3)

Ended the Franco-Dutch war -

The war may not have been successful due to -

• Louis had to return Maastricht which was their only Dutch conquest,

• French had to reduce the tariffs imposed on Dutch before the war,

Although all of this, the war may have been seen as a success due to -

• Turenne winning Battle of Sinsheim in 1674, giving France control of the Palatinate,

• Vauban’s capture of Cambrai in 1677,

• Ruining the Dutch economy from the war.

Nine Years War (1688-1697) (4)

This was France against the Grand Alliance, headed by Leopold, who was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. France was outnumbered 220,000 to 250,000. Although he was outnumbered, Louis had some advantages. This was the due to weaknesses in the Grand Alliance including,

• Lack of unified command,

• Sweden and Denmark ceasing hostile actions in 1691,

• France bribing Savoy to leave alliance in 1696, forcing Leopold to have peace on the Italian Peninsula.

What was the Grand Alliance? (4)

An alliance between Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, the Dutch Republic, England, the Holy Roman Empire, Ireland, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Scotland, Spain and Sweden. Made in 1686 as the League of Augsburg and it was originally formed in an attempt to halt Louis’ expansionist policies.

What were the causes of the Nine Years war? (4)

The main cause of the Nine years was was as a result of the way that France had been bullying them during the last few years. The war of reunions had been a major one along with the revocation of the edict of Nantes and the expulsion of Huguenots from France.

Leopold also wanted to stop French power from continuing to grow while he still could so that he could keep the holy roman empire as the main power in Europe. This is shown that Leopold wanted the war through-

• 1685 - Refusing all offers to convert Truce of Ratisbon to a permanent peace and denied Louis sister-in-law’s inheritance rights in the Palatinate,

• 1686 - Openly rejected all lands claimed by Reunions by forming the League of Augsburg,

• June 1688 - Colluded with pope to rig Cologne’s election of archbishop so Leopold’s candidate would win even though Louis’ still got more votes.

How did the Start of the Nine Years War go for France? What were some major setbacks? (4)

Vauban and Luxembourg had great military success and France was never invaded throughout the war.

• 1697 - Vendome took Barcelona, forcing Spain out of the war. This made Leopold accept that he couldn’t fight both France and the Turks.

France had initial success in Italy and managed to avoid humiliation that was expected. However, started to have major setbacks after a while -

• William of Orange beating James II at Battle of the Boyne (1690) losing Louis chance of having England as an ally,

• Inability to bribe German Princes with 6 million livres,

• Failure to penetrate Rhineland.

When did French success and views on war change in the Nine Years War? (4)

When France lost Luxembourg, French views on war changed massively. Especially after loss of Namur (1695). This was significant because -

• Showed Vauban’s fortifications could be breached,

• Gained the trust of the English in William’s military ability after he took Namur.

How successful was the war in North America in the Nine Years War? (4)

France had support in North America from the native Americans, they helped France in -

• Destruction of Dover, New Hampshire,

• Killing 25% of an English military company in 1689.

France also won the economic war over England in the region by -

• Taking Port Royal,

• Defeating 3 English ships in Hudson Bay in 1696.

What was the peace of Ryswick and how successful was it for France in the Nine Years War? (4)

• Despite being outnumbered, Louis hadn’t lost the war. France was exhausted but had gone beyond mere defensive goals. Louis had succeeded in defeating Spain, not having to recognise William as king of England in frustrating Leopold. Thus, France wouldn’t be bound by Nijmegen nor Westphalia. Louis conceded on some issues in the Peace of Ryswick which may be seen as initial defeats however his eyes were on a bigger prize – the Spanish throne.

• The terms of the treaty were in Europe that:

  • The Palatinate was returned to William of Neuberg

  • Louis conceded defeat over Cologne and Joseph Clement à Archbishop

  • Louis recognised William as king of England

  • Louis returned Luxembourg, Charleroi, Ath, Mons, Courtrai and Catalonia as well as Barcelona to Spain. In return he retained control of Hainault.

  • France abandoned all gains on right of Rhine, including Philippsburg and Freiburg.

  • The Dutch won the right to garrison frontier towns such as Courtrai and Luxembourg as well as relaxed regulations favourable to trade and return to French tariff of 1664.

  • France ended occupation of Lorraine but was allowed to march troops through it

  • Louis surrendered all reunions territories bar Strasbourg and 82 towns in Lower Alsace.

• Vauban saw Ryswick as a humiliation to France, especially given the devastating impact upon France’s finances and socio-economic well-being. Louis’ concessions also aroused much resentment at court among noble families however he saw it as a strength, not a weakness. Carlos II’s ailing health meant Louis needed to garner diplomatic support for his attempt to win the Spanish inheritance.

War of Spanish Succession (5)

1701-1714

What were the causes for the War of Spanish Succession? (5)

Started due to Leopold and Louis both having claims for the Spanish Inheritance when Carlos died. Leopold’s claim, Joseph Ferdinand died in 1699, before Carlos died.

Louis wanted the Spanish inheritance to -

• Stop Habsburg encirclement,

• Secure the spoils that come with the inheritance,

• Avoid war at all costs.

When Carlos Died on 1st November 1700, his will was left to Louis’ grandson Phillip d'Anjou. Louis accepted this which broke the treaty he signed with the English and the Dutch, causing the war of Spanish succession against the Habsburgs, English and Spanish.

What was the first partition treaty before the war of Spanish succession? how successful was it? Why did he take the diplomatic approach? (5)

Louis was severely weakened after the Nine years war and so couldn’t afford a war with Leopold. This meant he took the political path by -

• Trying to win over the English, Dutch and Spanish court factions,

• suggest to Leopold that partition is the best outcome.

The First Partition treaty gave Joseph Ferdinand most of the lands -

• Joseph Ferdinand - Spain, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish indies and all other colonies and Sardinia,

• Archduke Charles - Milan,

• Louis the Dauphin - Sicily, Naples, Ports in Tuscany, Towns north of Pyrenees.

Leopold wasn’t happy with this as he had the most legitimate claim with Joseph Ferdinand and so rejected the Treaty as he wanted it all.

What was the second partition treaty before the war of Spanish succession? how successful was it? (5)

There was a second partition treaty when Joseph Ferdinand died to try and get Leopold to agree again.

• Archduke Charles - Spain, Low Countries, Spanish Indies and other colonies,

• Duke of Lorraine - Milan,

• Louis the Dauphin - All Italian lands except for Milan, Lorraine.

This was also rejected by Leopold as he knew that even if Louis got the inheritance, Leopold had the strength to take it from him.

What caused the escalation to the eventual Spanish war of succession? (5)

When Carlos II died on the 1st November 1700, He left it all to Louis grandson Philip d’Anjou as long as he renounced his claim to the French throne.

The war started when Leopold invaded Italy in March 1701. It was escalated by -

• Grand Alliance formation in September 1701,

• Imperial forces crossing Rhine near Cologne in April 1702,

• English and Dutch declarations of war in May 1702,

• Leopold following suit in September 1702.

How did the Duke of Malborough cause problems for France in the Spanish War of succession? (5)

Duke of Marlborough proved annoying for Louis he -

• Took over 30 French fortresses,

• Led the Battle of Blenheim which ruined Frances aura of invincibility.

Battle of Blenheim -

• 20,000 - 30,000 Franco-Bavarian casualties,

• 14,000 troops and 60 cannons captured,

• French general Tallard’s capture,

• 7,000 army desertions,

• French ally Bavaria’s surrender.

When and why did Louis have to surrender in the Spanish war of Succession? (5)

By 1709, France was on its knees. The allies were close to attacking mainland France and Louis had to surrender to keep his country safe. The surrender terms were -

• Withdrawing Philip from Spanish throne,

• Giving Archduke Charles II all Spanish lands,

• 2 million livres for Marlborough,

• James III expulsion from France,

• Recognising Queen Anne as successor to England’s throne.

Louis had to fight on after the Allies said they would only accept surrender if he helped them depose his Grandson Philip from Spain.

What was the treaty of Utrecht and was it a success or loss for France? (5)

Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of Spanish succession. May be seen as a success due to-

• Louis did surrender much at Utrecht in 1713, but gained more than was possible when he surrendered in 1709.

• France retained -

  • Strasbourg, which Louis had offered to surrender in 1709,

  • Alsace,

  • Franche Comte,

  • Lille,

  • Dunkirk.

However, they also lost a lot including -

• Claims to land on France’s eastern border like Luxembourg, Philipsburg, Kehl and Bresiasch,

  • Louis accepted lost French influence in the Spanish Netherlands and surrendered many lands there,

  • France was knocked out of North Italy,

  • Philip D’Anjou could not be King of France. Meaning France had succession problems.

Can neither be seen as a success or a loss really.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) revoked the right to practice the tolerated forms of Protestantism without persecution from the state granted by the Edict of Nantes (1598). effectively kicking out the Huguenots from France, causing 200,000 of them to flee. This reduced Europe’s view on France and may have been a reason for the formation of the Grand Alliance

Triple Alliance

1668 alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic formed to halt French expansion in the War of Devolution. The alliance never engaged in combat against France, but it was enough of a threat to force Louis to stop the war and sign the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle with Spain.

War of Reunions (6)

1683-1684

What were reunions and how did Louis use them in the War of Reunions? (6)

This policy of reunions used military force to seize border territories according to ancient maps showing France had control of it at some point. He did this to strengthen Frances border security and pre carre.

What territories did he take using reunions and what was the response of European countries in the war of reunions? (6)

In 1681, Louis used a ‘Chambre de Reunion’ in Metz to say that the county of Chiny in Luxembourg once belonged to Metz. They took Chiny to starve Luxembourg and take it from the Spanish.

Spain declared war on France because of this in 1683, but Leopold gave no aid. This is due to him having to fight off Turkish invaders in modern day Austria. Louis used this to take Luxembourg in 1684.

Louis also bought and invaded lands he could not take by reunions. Casale is an example of this. Louis bribed Casales leader, Duke of Mantua, to surrender to French forces in 1681.

Louis seized Strasbourg, the capital of Alsace. There were no claims for this with their reason for taking it as protection for France as Louvois said Leopold was planning on using it to send troops to attack France.

How were Louis policies in the war of Reunions defensive? (6)

• Helped strengthen Frances borders from threats by creating a buffer zone - Strasbourg is an example of this,

• Helped to stop Habsburg advances and increase Pre Carre.

How were Louis policies in the war of Reunions offensive? (6)

• Louis’ private comment that ‘Alsace was a passage for our troops into Germany’,

• Lack of any legal claim for Strasbourg and insistence of city to cease protestant worship,

• Lack of restraint with Reunions, when offered choice of Dinant or Charlemont, he took both.

What impact did the war of Reunions have on Louis’ reputation? (6)

• Perceived to Europe as only aggressive and not defensive at all,

• France lost Sweden as an ally,

• Louis rejected supporting Pope Innocent XI’s request to help Leopold defend Leopold from the Turks and told the Turkish Sultan he wouldn’t oppose them attacking Leopold. This caused him to be referred to as the ‘Most Christian Turk’,

• Francophobia increased exponentially during this time due to the reunions,

Truce of Ratisbon (6)

A truce that ended War of the Reunions. It was signed in 1684 by Louis XIV, Leopold I, and Charles II. The final agreements allowed King Louis to keep Strasbourg, Luxembourg, and other Reunion gains, and Kortrijk and Diksmuide, both now in Belgium, were returned to Spain. It was only a truce for 20 years and not a full peace as Leopold kept rejecting enquiry’s to make it permanent.

War of Devolution (1667-8) (7)

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What were the reasons for the War of Devolution? (7)

• Spanish population decline, making the Spanish Netherlands lightly defended,

• Easy target for Louis to increase his Gloire,

• Spanish Netherlands was very lightly defended due to Spanish population decline, leaving only 20,000 troops to defend Spanish Netherlands. Louis had an invasion force of 50,000.

How did Louis justify his invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in the War of Devolution? Were they correct? (7)

• Louis lawyers used ‘Devolution law’ (preference to daughter of a first marriage over son of a second one) to justify claiming and partitioning of land in Spanish Netherlands,

• Louis claims seemed plausible on the surface but was actually wrong due to-

  • Devolution law only applied to property, not territory,

  • Sick or not, Carlos was rightful heir,

  • Philip had only consented to Maria Theresa’s marriage to Louis if she renounced her claims to the throne of Spain,

What were Louis’ gains from the War of Devolution? (7)

• Cambrai,

• Lille,

• Douai,

• Oudenarde.

What treaty ended the War of Devolution? Was it successful for Louis? (7)

1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended this war and was beneficial for Louis-

• Let Louis keep the towns gained during the war, in return for restoring Franche Comte to Spain, these towns gained security against Spanish attacks on France,

• Helped increase French pre carre through the towns they gained,

However, the war caused the formation of the Triple Alliance between the Dutch, English and Swedish out of fear of France. This wasn’t of much concern for France as it was broken up by the 1670 Treaty of Dover making England a French ally.

Treaty of Gremonville (1668) (7)

One of the main causes for the ending of the War of Devolution. Secret agreement that Leopold I agreed to partition of the Spanish Empire If Carlos died without heirs.