Cardiovascular

Auricles

________- appendages that increase atrial volume, rights posterior wall is smooth, anterior is ridged.

Angiogenesis

________- new alternate pathways for blood.

Heart rate

________ responds to input from- aortic arch and carotid sinuses.

Sinusoids

________ of ________ capillaries- leaky, in liver as macrophages, spleen as phagocytes, destroy /remove pathogens.

Anastomosis

________- pre- existing alternate pathways for blood, not adequate supply.

Stroke Volume

________- amount of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 beat (60- 80 ml)

Lubb

________- long slow 1st sound, contraction of ventricles /closing of AV valves.

Arterioles

________- lose tunica externa as they get smaller, mainly tunica media, determine blood flow into capillary beds.

Purkinje fibers

________- transmit impulses to ventricular myocardium.

QRS

________ complex- depolarization of ventricles + depolarization of atria.

skin mm

Continuous capillaries- least permeable, most common, abundant in ________.

T

________ wave- depolarization of ventricles.

Atria

________ and ventricle is NOT connected by- gap junctions.

Tunica

________ intima- smooth to prevent clotting, innermost.

Lymph vessels

________, some elastin, holds vessel open /prevents ruptures.

Skeletal muscle pump

________- milks blood upwards and vales prevent back flow.

Cardiac output

________- amount of blood going through body in 1 minute.

Atrioventricular node

________- special cardiac mm that slows conduction to allow complete atrial atria.

Pulmonary Artery

________- carries deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to the lungs.

Pulmonary circuit

________- Right side of heart.

Ventricular systole

________- blood moves ACTIVELY into semilunar valves.

Pulmonary Vein

________- carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (left atrium)

Tunica media

________- smooth mm and elastic CT, changes vessels diameter, maintains normal BP, regulated by SNS.

Elastic

________ (conducting) arteries- thick walled arteries near heart, contain more elastin, expand as blood ejected, pressure smoothing effect.

Membranes/Linings of the heart

Fibrous CT (anchors, protects), Parietal Pericardium, Visceral Pericardium (aka epicardium)

Heart Wall Layers

Epicardium, myocardium (autorrhythmic), endocardium (smooth mm to prevent clots)

Pulmonary Artery

carries deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to the lungs

Pulmonary Vein

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (left atrium)

Auricles

appendages that increase atrial volume, rights posterior wall is smooth, anterior is ridged

Pulmonary circuit

Right side of heart

Systematic circuit

Left side of heart

Left side of heart anatomy

higher BP because pushing to more extremities, walls thicker to have stronger contractions

Blood supply of Myocardium

coronary circulation

Coronary vessels deliver blood to the myocardium when

heart relaxed

Extra pre-existing pathways for blood

anastomoses

Extra created pathways for blood

angiogenesis

Sinoatrial node

natural pacemaker for heart w/out extrinsic factors,

Atrioventricular node

special cardiac mm that slows conduction to allow complete atrial atria

Bundle of HIS/AV Bundle

receives and transmits impulses to bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

transmit impulses to ventricular myocardium

Atria and ventricle is NOT connected by

gap junctions

P wave

depolarization of atria

QRS complex

depolarization of ventricles + depolarization of atria

T wave

depolarization of ventricles

systole

contraction

diastole

relaxation

atrial diastole

blood flows into atria

atrial systole

blood moves PASSIVELY into ventricles

ventricular systole

blood moves ACTIVELY into semilunar valves

Lubb

long slow 1st sound, contraction of ventricles/closing of AV valves

dubb

short sharp 2nd sound, closing of semilunar valves

Cardiac output formula

(stroke volume x heart rate)/1000

Cardiac output

amount of blood going through body in 1 minute

Stroke Volume

amount of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 beat (60-80 ml)

Starlings law of the heart

the more stretched the heart mm @ start of contraction, the stronger contraction is

untrained exercise effects on heart

CO increases due to HR/SV increasing, SV plateaus but HR increases

trained exercise effects on heart

athletes develop greater SV due to mm efficiency

Heart rate responds to input from

aortic arch and carotid sinuses

raises heart rate

anger, anxiety, fear, exercise, hormones, warm blood

lowers heart rate

grief, pain, cold blood

tunica intima

smooth to prevent clotting, innermost

tunica media

smooth mm and elastic CT, changes vessels diameter, maintains normal BP, regulated by SNS

tunica externa

fibrous ct w/nerve fibers

elastic (conducting) arteries

thick walled arteries near heart, contain more elastin, expand as blood ejected, pressure smoothing effect

muscular (distributing) arteries

thickest tunica media

arterioles

lose tunica externa as they get smaller, mainly tunica media, determine blood flow into capillary beds

anastomosis

pre-existing alternate pathways for blood, not adequate supply

angiogenesis

new alternate pathways for blood

continuous capillaries

least permeable, most common, abundant in skin/mm

fenestrated capillaries

some have pores, found wherever active absorption/filtration occurs (ex

sinusoids of sinusoidal capillaries

leaky, in liver as macrophages, spleen as phagocytes, destroy/remove pathogens

places with poor capillary supply

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, cornea, lens

simple diffusion

O2 Co2

intercellular clefts/fenestrations

small water soluble solutes (amino acids, sugars)

pinocytotic vesicles/caveole

larger molecules (proteins)

Metabolic controls of blood flow

decreased O2/wastes causes vasodilation, too much blood flow and endothelins cause vasoconstriction

myogenic controls of blood flow

vascular mm responds to stretch with increased tone causing vasoconstriction, vice versa

Veins VS Arteries anatomy

veins have thinner walls (deal with lower BP), veins have endothelium folded to form one-way valves, smooth mm in veins is thinner

veins physiology

reservoirs, up to 65% of blood supply in veins at any given time

respiratory pump

increased respiration directly related to increased circulation

skeletal muscle pump

milks blood upwards and vales prevent back flow