shs 202: chapter 3 respiration

lungs; exhaled air

1. The production of all speech sounds is a result of the modification of the airflow from the —-. The speaker must produce a stream of —— and then modify it in ways that make it audible to the listener. 

1. Vocal folds, tongue, jaw, lips, and soft palate 

1. Name the moveable parts that can be used to create sounds: 

1. Pharynx, oral/mouth, nasal cavity 

1. Which cavities can be used as primary resonators? 

1. 40 phonemes in english 

1. How many phonemes are present in English?

1. Phonation (vibration of our vocal folds) 

2. Production of consonant noise 

1. What are the two primary methods used for making airflow available?

phonation

—- is the creation of a nearly periodic sound wave by the rapid opening and closing of the glottis (space between the vocal folds)

 obstruction or constriction

1. The aperiodic sound source that may accompany consonant production is created by positioning articulators so that they form an —- in the vocal tract 

memorize this

1. 1. Power supply (air) → 2. oscillator (vocal folds) → 3. periodic sound signal→ 4. Noise generator (oral constriction or occlusion) → 5. Aperiodic sound signal → 6. resonator (vocal tract)

1. “Ah”, “ee”, (periodic) 

2.  “sss”, “sh” (aperiodic) 

1. Which of these sounds is periodic? Aperiodic?

2. “Ah”, “ee”

3. “sss”, “sh”

1. The larger the volume the higher the pressure, the lower the volume the less pressure

1. What does Boyle’s law reveal about the relationship between pressure and volume?

1. Air passes through the oral cavity or nose, the pharynx, the larynx, and then into the lungs via the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, the passageways increasingly branching and diminishing in size until the air reaches the small sacs that compose the major part of the lungs.

1. What happens to air flow when we expand our chest and lungs during inhalation? 

1. The air flow goes into our lungs

1. What happens to airflow when we contract our thorax and lungs during exhalation?

the medulla

1. Where is the reflex seat for respiration in the brainstem? 

1. Dome shape sheet of Muscles 

1. What is the diaphragm composed of?

costal ribs; pulmonary; expand nad contract

1. The rib cage is lined with — pleura and the lungs are covered in —- pleura. These two membranes adhere to one another and can slide across one another without friction due to  viscous fluid between them. This pleural linkage allows the lungs, diaphragm and ribs to —- as the thoracic cage changes volume. 

downward; expand

1. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts causing the diaphragm to be pulled —-toward the level of the diaphragm's edges. The flattening of the diaphragm exerts an outward force on the lower ribs causing the ribcage to — laterally and from front to back.

volume; decreases; lower

1. As the volume of the ribcage increases so does lung —, because of pleural linkage. Air pressure inside of the lungs is — and air from outside flows to the area of the —pressure within the lungs 

1.  external intercostals and cartilaginous internal intercostals 

1. Which muscles of the ribs contract to elevate the ribs during inspiration?

1. 1. Volume of air inspired to produce speech is greater than inspired during quiet breathing 

2. 2. Is in the degree of automaticity

3. 3. Inspiration for speech comprises less of the total respiratory cycle than during quiet breathing 

1. What are 3 differences between inspiration for quiet breathing and

1. The elastic recoil of the lungs and rib cage 

2. The force of untwisting of the cartridges next to the sternum (detorque)

3. Gravity 

1. What are 3 passive forces that will cause air to rush out of your lungs if you relax inspiratory muscles? 

increase; out

1. The 3 passive forces suffice to decrease the volume of the rib cage and lungs. According to Boyle's law, the decrease in volume generates an — in pressure within the rib cage and lungs, causing air the flow —

quiet tidal

1. What volumes of air is exchanged in quiet expiration. The amount of air exchanges during ins and outs of quiet respiration is called —- volume 

1. A maximum inspiration followed by a maximum expiration, the volume of air inhaled or exhaled 

2. The average is 5 L

1. What is vital capacity? What is the average volume of adult vital capacity?

elasticity, detorque, and gravity

1. Passive expiratory forces of —-,—-,—- are not sufficient to support singing or speaking 

muscle contractions

1. To sustain constant glottal pressure for singing the passive recoil force of the ribcage and lungs is supplemental by actively balancing the —- —- of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles 

outflow

1.  The balance between active expiratory and inspiratory forces during singing allows for control of — by slowing it

recoil; expiratory muscles

1. When vocalist sustains active muscles force of inspiratory muscles (during expiration) for the first half of the tone to check —- force and eventually increases the active muscle force of the — —-

true

1. True or false: individual muscles activity for conversational speech is not sequenced in an all or non fashion

inspiratory and expiratory

1. During speech both —- —- muscles are at least minimally active during both phases of respiration 

 external intercostal muscles;  internal intercostal muscles; agonist-antagonist

1. Even though the —- —— —- are primarily responsible for elevating the rib cage during inspiration and wreaking the descent of the ribcage during expiration before reaching relaxation pressure is achieved. The —- —- —- are active at the same time. This results in an —- —- opposition of the “inspiratory” and “expiratory” muscles. 

increase; fundamental frequency; stressed

1. The simultaneous activity of the respiratory muscles provides a better explanation of how the respiratory mechanism supplies the — in air pressure needed to raise the — —- and amplitude of vocal fold vibration needed to signal —- syllables. 

1. The subglottal pressure 

1. What controls the intensity of the voice?

1. Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles 

1. What muscles are involved in momentary increases in intensity?

1. The rise in pitch

1. What is the most important perceptual cue for stress (stressed syllable) 

1. Compresses the visceral organs which press against the diaphragm 

2. Extends the thorax and enlarges lateral and anterior posterior dimensions of the rib cage (makes rib cage bigger) 

1. Name two advantages in using abdominal muscles during inspiration and expiration for speech production

1. 10% during quiet breathing 

2. Up to 60% during conversational speech

3. 45% during loud speech 

1. What percentage of vital capacity is used during quiet breathing? For conversational speech? For loud speech?