gcse ocr pe

Flexibility

Range of movement at a joint

Cardiovascular Endurance

Ability to continuously exercise without tiring

Balance

Ability to keep a body's centre of mass over its base support

Strength

The ability of your muscles to exert a force.

Coordination

Ability to use different body parts together accurately and fluently

Agility

Ability to change direction with speed

Power

Combination of speed and strength

Muscular Endurance

Ability of a group of muscles to repeatedly contract without tiring

Speed

Ability of the body or parts of the body to move quickly

Reaction Time

The time taken to respond to a stimulus.

Test for cardiovascular endurance

12 minute cooper run

Test for muscular endurance

Abdominal curl test

Test for speed

30m sprint

Test for strength

Hand grip dynamometer test

Test for power

Vertical jump test

Test for flexibility

sit and reach

Test for agility

Illinois agility test

Test for balance

Standing stork test

Test for coordination

hand ball toss

Test for reaction time

Ruler drop test

What is the function of red blood cells

transport oxygen to all parts of the body to provide oxygen for movement

Define vasodilation

Muscles in the blood vessels relax, causing lumen to widen to enable increased blood flow

What is diastole?

Relaxation of the heart

What is systole?

Contraction of the heart

What is the correct order of the cardiac system

1\. Deoxygenated blood returning from the body enters the right atrium \n 2. Deoxygenated blood then enters the right atrium, as it fills it forces the tricuspid valve open and blood flows into the right ventricle \n 3. Blood is then ejected out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery which takes blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The semi-lunar valves close to stop backflow into the ventricle \n 4. Gaseous occurs at the lungs and the blood becomes oxygenated \n 5. Oxygenated blood then passes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium \n 6. Blood fills the left atrium and forces the bicuspid valve open. Blood enters the left ventricle \n 7. Blood is ejected out of the left ventricle via the aorta in order to deliver oxygen around the bod

What is heart rate?

The number of times the heart beats per minute

What is stroke volume?

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat

What is cardiac output?

Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:

cardiac output \= heart rate x stroke volumne

Define all parts of the heart

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary vein

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Tricuspid valve

Semi-lunar valves

Septum

Left ventricle

Bicuspid valve

Left atrium

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

How is blood distributed around the body during exercise

Blood goes around the body

Delivers oxygen to working muscles

Muscles that need oxygen the most receive it the most instead of other areas

What is an artery?

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

Describe the structure of arteries

-thick muscle and elastic fibre walls

-narrow lumen to maintain high blood pressure

What is a capillary?

Very tiny, branching blood vessel where gas exchange occurs.

Describe the structure of capillaries

- Thin walls - one cell thick

- Short diffusion distance

- Narrow lumen

What is a vein?

a vessel that carries Deoxygenated blood to the heart

Describe the structure of a vein

→ thin walls as blood pressure is low

→ wide lumen (space inside)

→ valves to stop backflow (blood going backwards)

Define respiration

The transport of air from outside the body to cells inside the body

What is breathing rate?

number of breaths inspired (taken) per minute

What is minute ventilation?

The volume of gas inhaled and exhaled in a minute

Equation for minute ventilation

tidal volume x respiratory rate

Vê \= Vr x RR

What are alveoli?

tiny air sacs in the lungs

Name the parts of the respiratory system

Trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli , diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribs

Give example of sport which would involve anaerobic exercise

Tennis

Give example of sport which would involve aerobic exercise

Short distance sprint

aerobic respiration equation

glucose + oxygen -\> carbon dioxide + water

Anaerobic respiration equation

glucose --\> lactic acid + energy

What is lactic acid?

a colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise.

How does lactic acid affect performance

Can cause muscle pain and cramps

anaerobic respiration ...

Doesn't require oxygen

Short-term effect of exercise

Increased cardiac output

Increased muscle temperature

Long term effects of exercise

Muscular endurance and strength increases \n Denser bones \n Heart becomes bigger and stronger \n Train harder/longer

Denser bones

Heart becomes bigger and stronger

Train harder/longer

Name all parts of the muscular system

Deltoid, pectorals, biceps, abdominals, quadriceps, trapezius, triceps, latissimus dorsi, gluteals, hamstrings, gastronemius

Define agonist

The muscle responsible for instigating the movement by contracting

Define antagonist

The muscle that allows the movement to happen by relaxing

Define fixator

Muscles that stabilise other areas of the body required

First class lever

effort, fulcrum, load ( EFL )

Second class lever

fulcrum, load, effort ( FLE )

Third class lever

fulcrum, effort, load ( FEL )

Define mechanical advantage

The ability of a lever system to move a large load with a small force

Describe the lever in a lever system

The bone

Describe the fulcrum in a lever system

The joint

Describe the effort in a lever system

The force from the muscles

Describe the load in a lever system

Weight of the body part/ an object

Planes of Movement: SAGITTAL

Allows flexion, extension - bicep curl - walking

Planes of movement: FRONTAL

Allows adduction, abduction - jumping jack

Planes of movement: TRANSVERSE

Allows rotation -

Axes of Rotation: Longitudinal

Vertical axis from top to bottom

Plane - Transverse

Allows rotation

Axes of Rotation: Frontal

Horizontal front to back

Plane - Frontal

Allows adduct, abduct

Axes of Rotation: Transverse

Horizontal from side to side

Plane - Transverse

Allows flexion, extension