BIO 140 Exam II (chapters 12, 14, and 4 pt.1)

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54 Terms

1

extension

PCR heated again and DNA is copied billions of times by TAQ polymerase.

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2

annealing

PCR is cooled and nucleotides are added.

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3

denaturation

PCR is heated and DNA strands are separated.

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4

proteins are ____, building blocks are ____

polymers; amino acids

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5

hydrophobic amino acids are found on the?

interior of a protein

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6

hydrophillic amino acids are found on the?

exterior of a protein

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7

non polar side chains mainly have

carbons and hydrogens

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8

polar side chains mainly have

oxygens and nitrogens

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9

acidic side chains are

negatively charged

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10

basic side chains are

positively charged

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11

glycine

second H atom as side chain

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12

proline

forms a ring with peptide backbone

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13

cysteine

SH group can form stabilizing disulfide bonds.

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14

amino acids are ____ linked by ____ bonds

covalently; peptide

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15

structure dictates __

function

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16

primary structure of protein

amino acid chain: covalent bonds

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17

secondary structure of amino acids

alpha helices and beta sheets: hydrogen bonds (noncovalent)

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18

tertiary protein structure

3D shape of one amino acid chain: non covalent bonds

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19

quaternary structure of protein

multiple polypeptide subunits noncovalent bonds, disulfide bonds secreted

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20

aggregators

can cause a cell to die

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21

misfolded proteins

prions

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22

chaperone therapy

refold misfolded proteins

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23

what determines ALL levels of protein folding?

primary structure

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24

codon

set of three nucleotides

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25

point mutation

nucleotide is mutated in one section of dna sequence

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26

silent mutation

does not change amino acid

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27

missense mutation

changes amino acid by nucleotide substitution

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28

nonsense mutation

creates a stop codon

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29

deletion mutation

deleting 3 nucleotides resulting in deletion of proteins

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30

frameshift mutation

insertion or deletion of multiples not of 3 that change the reading of the frame of translation

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31

cytogenetics

study of the function of chromosomes

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32

transposition

gene jumps from one gene and reinserts itself somewhere else in the genome

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33

duplication

part of chromosome is duplicated and results in deletion of gene in homologous chromosomes

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34

amylase

breaks down starch

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35

translocation

chromosomes Exhange pieces of themselves

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36

repair after replication

correcting polymerase mistakes

proofreading

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37

mismatch repair

cuts backbone on either side of mutation, fills in gap, ligase seals

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38

base excision repair

converts cytosine to uracil and signals dna repair proteins (deamnation)

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39

nucleotide excision repair

fixes thymine dimers and other types of damage (ex xeroderma pigmentosum)

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40

polymorphism

genetic difference

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41

dogma of dna replication

hydrogen bonds broken by helicase, templates are copied and adjacent nucleotides are added; semiconservative

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42

conservative theory

one old one new

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43

dispersive theory

mix, homologous

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44

semi conservative

unzip, corresponding bases

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45

meselsohn and stahl

found that dna was semi conservative using ecoli

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46

dna polymerase works

5’-3’

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47

dna sythesis occurs at

origin of replication

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48

lagging strand

3’-5’

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49

leading strand

5’-3’

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50

okazaki fragments

broken fragments on the lagging strand while bubble is opening; sealed with ligase

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51

topoisomerase

relieves stress of unwinding

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52

SSB proteins

bind to single strands and keep them apart

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53

telomerase role in replication

adds nucleotides to the dna overhang

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54

sliding clamp

keeps polymerase from flying off of dna during replication

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