Allophones of Place and Manner(1)

Allophonic Variation

Variations in the pronunciation of a phoneme that occur in different contexts.

Dentalising

A process where the place of articulation for a sound is moved towards the teeth.

Retraction

A phonetic process where a sound is produced further back in the mouth than its standard position.

Advancement

The opposite of retraction; it refers to moving a sound forward in the mouth.

Labiodentalising

A variation affecting bilabial sounds, where they are articulated closer to the teeth.

Palatalisation

A secondary articulation where the body of the tongue approaches the hard palate.

Velarisation

A secondary articulation where the back of the tongue approaches the soft palate.

Glottal Reinforcement

A phonetic feature that makes voiceless plosives sound more pronounced, noted by transcription [ˀ].

Nasalisation

The addition of nasal quality to vowels or approximants adjacent to nasal consonants.

Nasal approach and release

A plosive's transition into a nasal sound without a complete closure.

Lateral Approach and Release

A process involving a lateral consonant adjacent to a plosive, affecting how they are articulated.

Narrow Release

Release of a plosive into a following homorganic fricative, done more narrowly.

Ejective Release

The replacement of a plosive with its homorganic ejective, denoted by an apostrophe.

Unreleased

A passive holding of a plosive before the next sound begins, without actual release.

Free Variation

When multiple allophones of the same phoneme occur in the same context.

Complementary Distribution

A phonetic situation where only one allophone can occur in a particular environment.