Anatomy Exam 1

anatomical position

erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward, face anterior/supine, head forward, chin level

acromion(al)

shoulder

antecubitus(al)

inside elbow

cubitus(al)

elbow

axilla(ary)

armpit

brachium(ial)

bicep

antebrachium(ial)

forearm

bucca(al)

cheek

cephalon(cephalic)

head

cervicis(al)

neck

cranium(ial)

skull

crus(crural)

shin

digits/phalanges (phalanx)

fingers

facies(ial)

face

femoral

thigh

gluteus(eal)

butt

hallux(cis)

big toe

inguen(al)

groin, connects leg and hip

lumbus(ar)

lower back

mentis(al

chin

occulus(ar)

eyes

otis(oral)

mouth

otic/auris

ear

palma(-ar)

palm

plant(ar)

sole of foot

pollex(pollicis)

thumb

popliteus(ial)

behind knee

sura(al)

calf

thorax(thoracic)

chest

tarsal

ankle

mammary

breast

nasal

nose

umbillicus

belly/stomach

anterior/ventral

towards the front

posterior/dorsal

towards the back

superior

towards the head, up

inferior

towards the feet, down

medial

towards the middle

lateral

towards the sides

superficial

towards the surface

deep

farther from surface

parietal

lining body cavities (membrane)

visceral

covering organs

proximal

towards point of attachment

distal

away from point of attachment

midsaggital plane

divides the body into equal right and left halves

parasaggital plane/ section

divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left haves

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse/horizontal plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

oblique plane

divides body at an angle

body cavities

dorsal cavity: cranial cavity and spinal cavity

ventral/anterior cavity: thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

cranial cavity

houses the brain

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

pleural cavities (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart), mediastinum region (trachea/esophagus)

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity(liver, stomach, pancreas, intestines) and pelvic cavity(bladder, uterus), [peritoneum]

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body, function: to avoid friction with your bones

-blast-

embryonic state/immature

-condyl-

joint/knuckle, smooth surface

e-; ef-; ec-

away/outward

encephal-, -o

brain

-epi-

above/surrounding

erythro-

red, RBC

foram, =en

an opening

-hepato-

liver

hypo-

beneath

-ia, -ism

state or condition

-leuk-

white, WBC

-lysis

destruction/loosening

-malacia

softening/weakening

-myo-

relation to a muscle

nuch, =a

back of neck

-pathy

suffering or disease

peri-

around or about

-phag-

eat/consume/destroy

pleu, -a, -i, -o

side/rib

ren-; nephro

kidney

-soma

body

-squam-

scales

-stylo-

tip/stylus, a point on bone

syn-

joined/together

talo-

ankle

integumentary system

skin, protection of the body and internal organs, temperature regulation, (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)

skeletal system

structure and stability of the body

muscular system

movement of the body

nervous system

sending muscles throughout the body via electrical impulses, brain(12 pairs of cranial nerves), Spinal Cord (31 pairs of spinal nerves)

endocrine system

controls hormones in the body, for communication and homeostasis (pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads)

cardiovascular system

movement of nutrients, oxygen, via the blood throughout the body (heart, veins, arteries, capilaries)

vein

blue, carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart for oxygen

arteries

red, carries oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body

capillaries

where arteries and veins meet for oxygenation, located within organs, muscles and bones, and tissues of the body

lymphatic sustem

protects internal body environment from pathogen/disease, immune system, (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, )

respiratory system

breathing, oxygenation of body and cells (lungs, trachea, bronchi

digestive system

breakdown and absorption food into nutrients, and excretion of waste (oral cavity,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestines, small intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)

urinary system

excretes waste from the body (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra)

reproductive system

reproduction

female: (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia)

male: (testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate gland

seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis)

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells. divides cell into intracellular and extracellular environments. Cholesterol helps to maintain the fluidity and integrity of the bilayer. Integral protein, attached to both layers of membrane, form pores/channels, for selective permeability. Peripheral Proteins, attached only to one side of membrane. Glycolipids and glycoproteins, attach to membrane for cell identification, and/or cell-to-cell attachment.

nucelus

this membranous organelle is the largest organelle of the cell, it is the control center of the cell and ti contains genetic material (DNA) and nucleolus.

mitochondria

this double membrane organelle is responsible for the majority of the production of ATP

golgi apparatus

this membranous organelle consists of a series of flattened plate-like discs. It is responsible for the synthesis and packaging (within vesicles) of glycolipids. It also receives protein from the ER where they are processed and packaged for export.

many found in the digestive system in order to export nutrients throughout body and produce lysosomes to breakdown waste

rough ER

this membranous organelle consists of a series of tubules with ribosomes attached, which are responsible for the synthesis and packaging of a protein. It is continuous with the nuclear membrane. receives and transports ribosomes and proteins from nucleus