A&P 1: Chapter 7

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

1. Site of bone elongation and growth.

2. Provides passageway for blood vessels.

3. Forms articular surface.

4. Supports soft tissues.

5. Provides flexibility for bending.

Site of bone elongation and growth.

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Reticular cartilage

4. Articular cartilage

5. Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Which is an alternate term for compact bone?

1. Cancellous bone

2. Trabecular bone

3. Spongy bone

4. Diploe

5. Cortical bone

Cortical bone

If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled?

1. Distal head of femur

2. Os coxa

3. Phalanges

4. Distal humerus

Os coxa

Which is false regarding the periosteum?

1. It includes two layers: outer fibrous and inner cellular.

2. It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.

3. It provides stem cells for bone growth and repair.

4. It is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers.

5. It covers the entire bone surface, with the exception of articular areas.

It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.

Flat bones

1. protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.

2. have elaborate shapes, and sometimes resemble sesame seeds.

3. include the bones of the wrist that glide across each other.

4. are, by definition, not at all curved.

5. have a diaphysis and an epiphysis.

protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for

1. calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

2. steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates.

3. glycogen, nitrogenous bases, and calcium.

4. phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids.

5. calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids.

calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

1. Canaliculi

2. Concentric lamellae

3. Circumferential lamellae

4. Perforating canals

5. Interstitial lamellae

Concentric lamellae

Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

1. Short bones

2. Long bones

3. Flat bones

4. Irregular bones

5. Regular bones

Long bones

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the

1. distal diaphysis.

2. proximal epiphysis.

3. distal epiphysis.

4. superior diaphysis

distal epiphysis.

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

1. Osteocytes

2. Osteoclasts

3. Osteoblasts

4. Osteoprogenitor cells

5. Bone-lining cells

Osteoblasts

What gives bone its flexibility?

1. Inorganic salts

2. Yellow bone marrow

3. Collagen fibers

4. Trabeculae

5. Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers

Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of

1. yellow marrow to red marrow.

2. red marrow to yellow marrow.

3. spongy bone to compact bone.

4. bone marrow to spongy bone.

yellow marrow to red marrow.

Before beginning orthopedic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthopedist use to assess this?

1. Osteon

2. Periosteum

3. Spongy bone

4. Epiphyseal plate

5. Compact bone

Epiphyseal plate

Hyaline cartilage contains a _________ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called _________.

1. low; lacunae

2. low; canaliculi

3. high; lacunae

4. high; canaliculi

high; lacunae

Which is not a function of bone?

1. Protection

2. Mineral storage

3. Body movement

4. Generation of heat

5. Hematopoiesis

Generation of heat

Bone is _________ and contains mainly _________ nerves.

1. avascular, sensory

2. avascular, motor

3. highly vascularized, sensory

4. highly vascularized, motor

highly vascularized, sensory

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,

1. osteoblasts become osteocytes.

2. osteogenic progenitors become osteoclasts.

3. osteoblasts become osteoclasts.

4. osteoclasts become osteocytes.

osteoblasts become osteocytes.

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?

1. Distal epiphysis

2. Proximal epiphysis

3. Metaphysis

4. Diaphysis

5. Periphysis

Metaphysis

Compact bone

1. is located deep to spongy bone in the diaphysis.

2. is composed of tubular units called osteons.

3. has a brace-like arrangement of trabeculae.

4. is avascular.

5. All of the choices are correct.

is composed of tubular units called osteons.

What helps bone resist compression?

1. Yellow bone marrow

2. Reticular fibers

3. Inorganic salts

4. Red bone marrow

5. Endosteum

Inorganic salts

The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as _________ bones.

1. long

2. irregular

3. short

4. flat

5. sesamoid

long

Osteoid is the

1. organic part of the bone matrix that gives it rigidity.

2. organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

3. inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it rigidity.

4. inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

Bone cells called _________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.

1. osteoprogenitor cells

2. osteoid cells

3. osteocytes

4. osteoclasts

5. osteoblasts

osteoclasts

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called _________ fibers.

1. transverse

2. perforating

3. penetrating

4. connecting

5. cementing

perforating

An example of a flat bone would be the

1. femur (of thigh).

2. radius (of forearm).

3. trapezoid (of wrist).

4. sternum (breast bone).

5. calcaneus (heel).

sternum (breast bone).

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

1. There would be no effect, because the body is able to synthesize calcium.

2. The matrix would be softer.

3. The bone would be less flexible.

4. The epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development.

5. There would be increased formation of spongy bone.

The matrix would be softer.

Spongy bone

1. contains no osteocytes.

2. has spaces filled with yellow marrow.

3. is composed of tubular units called osteons.

4. forms diploe in the cranial bones.

5. All of the choices are correct.

forms diploe in the cranial bones.

Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

1. Gel-like ground substance

2. Matrix of protein fibers

3. Cells called chondrocytes

4. Avascular

5. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

1. The bone will dissolve completely.

2. The compact bone will dissolve, leaving only the inner spongy bone.

3. The bone will become extremely brittle.

4. The bone will become soft and bendable.

5. The spongy bone will dissolve, leaving only the outer compact bone.

The bone will become soft and bendable.

In compact bone, _________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

1. osteonic canals

2. blood vessels

3. lamellae

4. canaliculi

5. perforating canals

canaliculi

Which is a sesamoid bone?

1. Patella

2. Cuboid

3. Talus

4. Sphenoid

5. Scaphoid

Patella

The bones of the wrist are classified as _________ bones.

1. long

2. regular

3. short

4. irregular

5. flat

short

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

1. Vitamin D

2. Vitamin B

3. Vitamin A

4. Vitamin C

5. Vitamin K

Vitamin C

What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity?

1. Diaphysis

2. Epiphysis

3. Endosteum

4. Periosteum

5. Trabecula

Endosteum

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

1. Epiphyseal line

2. Endosteum

3. Red bone marrow

4. Yellow bone marrow

5. Nutrient foramina

Red bone marrow

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

1. Its spaces hold red bone marrow.

2. It is located deep to compact bone.

3. It forms diploe in the cranial bones.

4. It is composed of tubular units called osteons.

5. It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

It is composed of tubular units called osteons.

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage. a: New matrix is produced and secreted. b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c: Stem cells undergo mitosis. d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.

1. c. - d. - a. - b.

2. d. - c. - b. - a.

3. c. - d. - b. - a.

4. a. - c. - b. - d.

5. a. - c. - d. - b.

c. - d. - a. - b.

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

1. chondrocytes.

2. osteocytes.

3. fibroblasts.

4. chondroblasts.

5. osteoblasts.

chondroblasts.

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its _________ and occurs in the _________ region of the cartilage.

1. length, internal

2. length, peripheral

3. width, internal

4. width, peripheral

length, internal

Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order? a: Formation of lamellar bone. b: Osteoid undergoes calcification. c: Ossification centers form. d: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum.

1. b - a - c - d

2. c - b - d - a

3. c - b - a - d

4. a - c - d - b

5. b - c - d - a

c - b - d - a

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a disorder that affects endochondral ossification. Which of the following bones will be affected?

1. Most bones of the body.

2. Long bones in the fingers and toes.

3. The humerus (long bone) of the upper limb.

4. The tibia (long bone) of the leg.

5. All of the choices are correct.

Most bones of the body.

The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

1. mesenchymal ossification.

2. intramembranous ossification.

3. bone remodeling.

4. orthodontia.

5. endochondral ossification.

endochondral ossification.

When during human development does the process of endochondral ossification begin?

1. 12 weeks after birth.

2. 8th-9th month of embryonic development.

3. 8th week of embryonic development.

4. 3-4 months of age.

5. 10-25 years of age.

8th week of embryonic development.

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within

1. hyaline cartilage.

2. compact bone.

3. mesenchyme.

4. elastic cartilage.

5. spongy bone.

mesenchyme.

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

1. femur

2. humerus

3. clavicle

4. radius

5. tibia

clavicle

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are a: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis. b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms. c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses. d: Bone replaces cartilage. e: Epiphyseal plates ossify. f: Cartilage model develops. The correct chronological order for these steps is

1. f. --> b. --> c. --> d. --> a. --> e.

2. b. --> c. --> f. --> a. --> e. --> d.

3. a. --> c. --> b. --> d. --> e. --> f.

4. f. --> b. --> a. --> c. --> d. --> e.

5. a. --> e. --> c. --> d. --> b. --> f.

f. --> b. --> a. --> c. --> d. --> e.

During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur?

1. Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum.

2. Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse.

3. Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.

4. The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes.

5. Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes.

Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

1. Zygomatic

2. Radius

3. Axis

4. Hamate

5. First metatarsal

Zygomatic

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) _________ model.

1. mesenchyme

2. dense connective tissue

3. hyaline cartilage

4. membranous

5. osteoid

hyaline cartilage

To trigger bone growth, growth hormone stimulates the

1. liver to produce somatomedin.

2. liver to produce calcitonin.

3. brain to produce serotonin.

4. parathyroid to produce parathyroid hormone.

5. thyroid to produce calcitriol.

liver to produce somatomedin.

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called

1. interstitial growth.

2. epiphyseal growth.

3. appositional growth.

4. endosteal growth.

5. cancellous bone growth.

appositional growth.

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by

1. osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

2. osteoclasts, which then communicate to osteocytes to increase the size of lacunae.

3. chondrocytes, which then trigger osteoblasts to increase bone in a lengthwise fashion.

4. osteoblasts, which then communicate to osteocytes and osteoclasts to deposit more hydroxyapatite.

osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are

a: Calcified cartilage
b: Hypertrophic cartilage
c: Ossification
d: Resting cartilage
e: Proliferating cartilage

The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is

1. c - a - b - e - d.

2. d - b - e - a - c.

3. e - d - a - c - b.

4. c - d - e - a - b.

5. d - e - b - a - c.

d - e - b - a - c.

Within which zone of the epiphyseal plate do cartilage cells undergo mitosis?

1. The zone closest to the medullary cavity.

2. The zone closest to the epiphysis.

3. The second closest zone to the medullary cavity.

4. The second closest zone to the epiphysis.

The second closest zone to the epiphysis.

Which is false regarding bone remodeling?

1. It occurs throughout life.

2. It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

3. It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.

4. It occurs only at articular surfaces.

5. It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

It occurs only at articular surfaces.

Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?

1. Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity.

2. Osteoclasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoblasts build bone at the interstitial lamellae.

3. Osteoblasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoclasts build bone at the epiphyses.

4. Osteocytes build bone at the interstitial lamellae while osteoclasts expand the length of the medullary cavity.

5. Osteocytes and osteoclasts expand the bone at its epiphyses, chondrocytes construct cartilage.

Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity.

Glucocorticoids increase bone _________; high levels of serotonin lead to _________ bone density.

1. formation, high

2. formation, low

3. loss, high

4. loss, low

loss, low

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

1. Gravity

2. Mechanical stress

3. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels

4. Blood calcium level

5. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The type of bone tissue that is replaced more frequently is _________ bone; the part of the femur that is replaced more frequently is the _________.

1. compact, distal epiphysis

2. compact, diaphysis

3. spongy, distal epiphysis

4. spongy, diaphysis

spongy, distal epiphysis

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

1. Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.

2. Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.

3. Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.

4. Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

5. Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Which hormone inhibits bone growth?

1. Calcitonin

2. Estrogen and testosterone

3. Thyroid hormone

4. Parathyroid hormone

5. Growth hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

1. stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

2. stimulate osteoblasts to deposit bone by producing calcified matrix.

3. stimulate osteoblasts to resorb bone and lower blood calcium levels.

4. stimulate osteoclasts to move calcium from the blood and into the bone.

stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

High blood calcium and exercise cause calcitonin release to

1. increase.

2. decrease.

increase.

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by _________ levels of calcium in the blood.

1. high

2. low

low

Rickets, a disease characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, is caused by a lack of sufficient

1. Vitamin D.

2. Calcitonin.

3. Thyroid hormone.

4. Vitamin A.

5. Vitamin C.

Vitamin D.

In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to _________ production of calcitriol and to _________ excretion of calcium in urine.

1. increase, increase

2. increase, decrease

3. decrease, decrease

4. decrease, increase

increase, decrease

Which hormone normally has a more significant effect on blood calcium levels in adults?

1. Calcitonin

2. Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the

1. kidney.

2. skin.

3. liver.

4. bone.

kidney.

Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity, which will _________ blood calcium levels.

1. stimulates, increase

2. stimulates, decrease

3. inhibits, increase

4. inhibits, decrease

inhibits, decrease

Which sex tends to lose more bone mass with aging?

1. Women

2. Men

Women

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?

1. Insufficient calcification

2. Demineralization

3. Reduction in the organic content of the matrix

4. Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness

5. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The process of bone repair includes these steps: a: Fracture hematoma forms b: Bone is remodeled c: Fibrocartilaginous callus forms d: Bony callus forms The correct chronological order for these steps is

1. a --> c --> d --> b.

2. a --> b --> d --> c.

3. c --> d --> b --> a.

4. d --> a --> b --> c.

5. b --> a --> c --> d.

a --> c --> d --> b.

The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a _________ fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is _________.

1. stress, greenstick

2. epiphyseal, stress

3. greenstick, simple

4. pathologic, compound

5. pathologic, simple.

pathologic, compound

A fracture parallel to the long axis of the bone is a(n) _________ fracture.

1. transverse

2. oblique

3. linear

4. comminuted

5. medial

linear

Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?

1. The bone is twisted as it fractures.

2. The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.

3. The bone is splintered into several fragments.

4. Only one side of the bone is broken; the other side is bent.

5. The fracture is at an oblique angle to the long axis of the bone.

Only one side of the bone is broken; the other side is bent.

During bone repair, when does the bony callus form?

1. Before the fracture hematoma.

2. After the soft callus forms.

3. Before the soft callus forms.

4. After bone remodeling.

After the soft callus forms.

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

1. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bone.

2. A fibrocartilaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth.

3. Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus.

4. The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus.

5. No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.