Week 3

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Week 3

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67 Terms

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René Descartes
laid the foundation for rationalism
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rationalism
the principle that some kinds of knowledge are innate, and others can be acquired through reasoning, independent of experience
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John Locke and David Hume
We learn by association

empiricism
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Tabula rasa
analogy ==Locke== used to describe how our mind begins as a blank sheet on which life experiences write our reality (==“blank slate”==)
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empiricism
the principle that knowledge is acquired only through experience
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Immanuel Kant
we have no knowledge of reality, rather our mind forms appearances of reality
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paradigm shift
a fundamental change in the prevailing model or theoretical orientation

^^Thomas Kuhn^^
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personal knowledge, mass media, official state knowledge, theoretical knowledge
Factors that shape public perceptions of crime
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net widening
process in which new sentencing options increase instead of reduce control over offenders' lives

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Brian MacLean
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vicarious reinforcement
learning through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour
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moral panic
widespread exaggerated public concern over issues associated with morality (e.g., prostitution, pornography)
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conflict theory
a theoretical perspective that views crime as a natural product of a society that promotes competition and, hence, social and economic disparity
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left-realism
a theoretical perspective that aims to better understand the implication of crime control policies rather than the causes of crime

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^^Jock Young^^
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police, judicial system, corrections system
3 Primary Sources of Official Data
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juristat
a regular publication of the canadian centre for justice statistics, considered the most authoritative source of criminal justice statistics in canda
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reliability
the likelihood that an observed relationship between two or more variables can or will be observed in a consistent manner
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validity
the likelihood that the relationships observed and measured are real
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sampling
the process of selecting a group of research subjects who are representative of the entire population under investigation
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random error
and error in data collection that occurs because of an intervening variable that could not have been forseen
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systematic error
an error in data collection that the researcher has been able to anticipate and account for
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crime funnel
a metaphor referring to the decreasing number of crimes processed at successive levels of the justice system, from law enforcement, through the courts, to corrections
a metaphor referring to the decreasing number of crimes processed at successive levels of the justice system, from law enforcement, through the courts, to corrections
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descriptive
statistics gathered by official sources are primarily (descriptive or explanatory)
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The Research Cycle
knowt flashcard image
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Personal Knowledge, Mass Media, Official State Knowledge, Theoretical Knowledge
4 Factors that Shape Public Perceptions of Crime
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operationalization
defining criminological concepts or phenomena in such a way that they can be observed and measured scientifically
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crime data
the information collected to measure the frequency and severity of criminal events
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description, explanation, evaluation, risk assessment, prediction
5 Key Purposes of Crime Data
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Kim Rossmo
developed a ==computer-mapping== technique known as ==*geographic profiling*==, which is used to ==predict== where various categories of offenders live or work, based on crime-site information focuses on spatial behaviour (where)
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false positive
an incorrect test result, showing the presence of a condition that does not exist

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^^John Monahan^^
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lies, damned lies, statistics
3 kinds of lies
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dark figure of crime
crime that goes undetected, unreported, or unrecorded, and is not included in official sources
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uniform crime reporting (UCR)
a system providing a continuous historical record of crime and traffic statistics reported by every police agency in Canada since 1962
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canadian centre for justice statistics (CCJS)
the agency responsible for collecting and compiling crime data on a wide range of criminological and criminal justice topics. opened in 1981
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Crime Severity Index (CSI)
created by Statistics Canada as a measure of police-reported crime that would address the limitations of the traditional crime rate
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summary offences, indictable offences, and hybrid offences
3 Categories of Police Crime Statistics
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summary offence
carry a maximum penalty of six months in jail and/or a fine not exceeding $5,000 (unless a different penalty is specified).
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indictable offence
carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment and no maximum fine
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Hybrid offence
consist of crimes such as impaired driving and theft under $5,000, which the Crown may choose to prosecute as either summary or indictable.
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correctional statistics
data on people being held in federal and provincial corrections facilities, including age, sex, offence and prior convictions
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media coverage, the dark figure of crime, changes in recording procedures
factors affecting crime data
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Ezzat Fattah
noted the dark figure of crime (portion of the crime that goes undetected, unreported, or unrecorded)
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changes in the number of police enforcers, police/court administrators, legal definition of crime, population base, and public reporting patterns (CUVS & GSS)
4 changes in recording procedures
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(number of reported crimes / total population) x 100
Crime Rate Formula
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canadian urban victimization survey (CUVS)
the first major attempt to survey canadians who had been victims of crime, conducted in the 1980s
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general social suvery (GSS)
a statics canada survey used to regularly gather data on social trends and to provide information on specific policy issues of current or emerging interest (e.g., social support, health and well-being, victimization)
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victimization survey
a data collection technique used to gather ==unofficial information from victims== of crime on incidents that have usually occurred within a predefined period of time
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victimization data (from recipient of offence), self reported data (from the offender), and observational methods
sources of unofficial crime data
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unofficial crime data
crime data not collected by official criminal justice agencies, including self-report studies, victimization surveys, and field observation data, usually used to elucidate existing official data and verify the validity of official sources
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precursors, transactions, and aftermath
3 Stages to Describing a Criminal Event
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self-report studies
survey in which individuals are asked to voluntarily disclose whether they have ever committed an offence. such unofficial crime data can shed light on undetected and under-reported types of crime (e.g., youth crime, fentanyl use, sexual assault, and robbery)
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test-retest reliability
a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
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field research
research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory
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qualitative research
research designed to study characteristics that cannot be measured or counted
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Max Weber
german sociologist who said that individuals interpret their own actions and the actions and reactions of others
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verstehen
sociologist ==max weber=='s term for the effort to understand an event by ==placing oneself in the participant's situation== and trying to see it through his or her eyes

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german for ==understanding==
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activity, dynamics of participants and their interrelationships, and setting
3 Levels where observation enables data collection
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Tearoom Trade
Study by sociologist Laud Humphreys of ==men who engage in homosexual behaviour in public facilities==, including subsequent later interviews in their homes after recording their license plate numbers

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widely cited in discussions of the need for informed consent to research.
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never harm participants, ensure that participation is voluntary, maintain anonymity and confidentiality, be honest
Basic Guidelines to Minimize Potential Negative Impacts on Subjects
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triangulation
the ==use of multiple data sources or research methods== to investigate a topic, with the goal of producing more reliable findings. it enables criminologists to illuminate the dark figure of crime
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correlation (direct correlation)
a statistical relationship between two or more variables
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positive correlation
a direct correlation in which an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable
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negative correlation
a direct correlation in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable
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causal
the existence of a direct correlation does not imply a \_____________ relationship
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causality
the idea that one event is the result of one or more other events
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hypothesis
an idea or assertion about a phenomenon, a situation, or a relationship between variables that a researcher sets out to prove or disprove
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discovery, demonstration, refutation, and replication
four basic aims of researchers
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restorative justice
a sentencing model that emphasizes restitution and community participation, aimed at reintegrating offenders back into their communiti