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why was hitler’s power limited despite being chancellor
his cabinet had 12 members but only 2 nazis, only 1/3 of the reichstag were nazis
when was the reichstag fire
27th february 1933
the reichstag fire
the reichstag building was destroyed by a large fire and a dutch communist was arrested and executed for it
how did hitler use the reichstag fire to his advantage
he claimed there was a communist conspiracy against the government and arrested thousands of communists
decree for the protection of the people and the state
gave hitler powers to imprison political opponents and ban communist newspapers
what did the election of march 1933 do for the nazis
the new fear of communists meant the nazis gained 288 seats in the reichstag
when was the enabling act
24th march 1933
the enabling act
allowed the reich cabinet to pass new laws without the reichstag, overruling the weimar constitution
what effect did the enabling act have on the local government
it was closed down in march 1933 and replaced with nazi majorities
what effect did the enabling act have on trade unions
they were replaced with the German Labour Front and union officials were arrested
what effect did the enabling act have on other political parties
in may 1933 the SPD and KPD offices and funds were taken by the nazis and were banned in july
when was the night of the long knives
30th june 1934
the night of the Long Knives
hitler invited rohm and 1000 SA leaders to a meeting where they were arrested, taken to munich and shot
who else was killed in the night of long knives
von schleicher
significance of the night of long knives
it removed the threat of the SA and any internal opposition
when did hindenburg die
august 1934
what happened after hindenburg’s death
hitler merged chancellor and president to become Fuhrer
army oath of allegiance
the day hindenburg died the army was forced to swear a pledge of allegiance to hitler instead of germany
who was the SS led by
Heinrich Himmler
when was the SS set up
1925
SS jobs
controlled police forces, ran concentration camps and acted outside the law
Gestapo
secret state police
who set up the gestapo
goering in 1933
who ran the gestapo
heydrich
gestapo jobs
spied, prosecuted people for speaking against the nazis, sent people to concentration camps
SD
security service
who led the SD
heydrich
SD jobs
spied on nazi opponents at home and abroad
what was the first concentration camp
dachau in 1933
what did all judges have to be a part of
the national socialist league for the maintenance of the law
what did all judges have to favour in their verdicts?
the nazi party
what happened after hitler abolished trial by jury
only judges could decide if people were guilty or innocent
inmates of concentration camps
political prisoners, prostitutes, homosexuals, minority groups
how were inmates in concentration camps treated
very badly and were forced to do hard labour
hitler believed he was all powerful, christians…
viewed god as the ultimate authority
nazis believed aryans were superior, christians…
believed everyone was equal in the eyes of god
nazis believed in war, discipline and violence, christians…
believed in peace
nazis believed in dominance of the strong over the weak, christians…
believed the strong should look after the weak
why was hitler worried about the catholic church not supporting him
catholics were loyal to the pope, supported the catholic centre party and sent their children to catholic schools
when was the concordat signed
1933
1933 concordat
the church could keep control of its schools as long as it stayed out of politics
why did concordat not last
hitler resented that their allegiance was not to him
what was the result of the failure of concordat
an uneasy peace between nazis and the catholic church
how were catholic priests treated
they were harassed, mistreated and imprisoned
how were catholic churchgoers treated?
they were met by organised nazi marches as they left church
what happened to catholic churches and youth organisations
they were gradually closed down
what tactics did the nazis try and use on protestant churches
gleichshaltung tactics- getting all protestant churches together into one reich church in 1936
who led the reich church
bishop ludwig muller
what commonly featured in reich churches
swastikas and nazi policies
how often did the nuremberg rallies take place
every summer
features of the nuremberg rallies
bands, marches, hitler’s speeches, souvenirs
significance of the nuremberg rallies
gave german people a sense of belonging, and showed them the power of the state
why were the nuremberg rallies so organised
to emphasise that the nazis were bringing stability to germany after a chaotic period
why was sport important to the nazis
it fitted in with nazi beliefs of health, strength and racial purity
what was the significance of sports clubs in germany
they were places where political ideas were introduced and spread
bad things about the 1936 berlin olympics
jesse owens won 4 gold medals defying all the nazis teachings, and many visitors were overwhelmed by the army, police and SS troops
good things about the 1936 olympics
germany came top of the medal table and visitors were impressed by the scale of the stadium and the organisation
how did goebbels control literature
no books could be published without his permission, in 1933 he organised a mass book burning of unacceptable books
how did goebbels control radios
they were made cheap, loudspeakers were placed in public places repeating nazi ideas
how did goebbels control art
only nazi approved painters could show their work, and it had to be paintings of heroic aryans
how did goebbels control films
all films were made to carry a pro nazi message and foreign films entering germany were all censored
how did goebbels control architecture
hitler liked speer, hated modern weimar buildings and wanted to build huge monumential buildings
how did goebbels control posters
germany was plastered with pro nazi posters, and anti other group posters
how did goebbels control newspapers
anti nazi ideas were not allowed to be printed, therefore they were boring and circulation fell by 10%
support for the nazis
unemployment was reduced, businesses prospered, communism was crushed
why is it unclear whether germans supported the nazis, or whether there was a lack of opposition
most germans tended to keep quiet and conformed to the rules
the hitler myth
many germans disliked the nazis but did not blame hitler for what the nazis did
active political opposition to the nazis
socialists and communists sent reports to their leaders in exile, over 1000 opposition meetings were shut down in 1936
social opposition to the nazis
refusing to salute to hitler, telling jokes about the nazis or refusing to contribute to party funds
what did niemoller set up in 1933
the pastor’s emergency league to resist the reich church
what did niemoller and bonhoeffer set up in 1934
the confessional church
what was the confessional church
a rival church to the reich church made up of 6000- 3x the reich church membership
what happened to niemoller
he was arrested in 1937 and remained in a concentration camp until released in 1945
what happened to bonhoeffer
he fled germany in 1934 but returned to train pastors for the confessional church, and was executed in 1945
what was the swing youth movement
they resisted through enjoying banned music, england, america and jews
who were involved in the swing youth movement
young people from better off families
how did the nazis react to the swing youth movement
they would break up gatherings, but clamped down on them in 1941
who were part of the edelweiss pirates
working class teenagers in different towns
what did the edelweiss pirates enjoy doing
hiking and camping away from nazis, singing songs against the nazis and attacking the hitler youth
what were the edelweiss pirates influenced by
communism
how did the nazis respond to the edelweiss pirates
they did not react at first, but when the war started and the pirates got more violent 13 pirate leaders were executed in 1944
