ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1

Low-Frequency Response

Determines low cut-off frequencies in amplifiers based on RC combinations(network's coupling, bypass, and source capacitors and the network resistive parameters).

Miller Capacitance

Apparent modification of capacitance effects by voltage gain

Input Miller Capacitance

Capacitance level sensitive to interelectrode capacitance between input and output

Output Miller Capacitance

Capacitance level sensitive to interelectrode capacitance between output and gain

High Frequency Response

Frequency at the high end of BJT and FET affected by parasitic capacitances/interelectrode capacitances (Cbe,Cbc,Cce) together with wiring capacitances(Cwi,Cwo) introduced during miller capacitances.

Bandwidth

Difference between high and low cut-off frequencies

Microelectronics

Branch dealing with small components, integrated circuits and circuits fabricated on substrates

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Miniaturized electronic circuit on a surface of substrate, consisting of semiconductors and passive components.

Moore's Law

This law states that the number of IC doubles every 24 months (2 years)

SSI

Small Scale Integration with up to 100 transistors per IC

MSI

Medium Scale Integration with up to 3,000 transistors per IC

LSI

Large Scale Integration with up to 100,000 transistors per IC

VLSI

Very Large Scale Integration with up to 1,000,000 transistors per IC

ULSI

Ultra Large Scale Integration with more than 1,000,000 transistors per IC

GSI

Giant Scale Integration with extremely high transistor density

Analog IC

Accepts analog input signals

Digital IC

Accepts digital input signals

Mixed Signal IC

Accepts both analog and digital input signals

Monolithic IC/ Silicon chips

Formed completely within a semiconductor substrate

Film IC

Thin or thick film components on a ceramic or glass substrate, can only be used as passive components

Hybrid IC

Combination of two or more integrated circuit types. ( Integrated type and discrete circuit )

Operational Amplifier

An electronic unit behaving like a voltage-controlled voltage source, widely used and considered as building blocks of analog electronic systems.

Negative Feedback

Engineering principle foundational to op-amp circuits, crucial in automatic control processes.

Differential Amplifier

provides amplification of the difference voltage b/w 2 inputs

Voltage Amplifier

provide very high gain of op amp. Usually class A

Push pull amplifier

Class B push pull amplifier using emitter follow configuration

Single-Ended Mode ( Diff Mode)

input signal is connected to one of the two terminal and other one is grounded.

Double- ended Mode (Diff Mode)

two opposite polarity signals are applied to the input terminals.

Double -Ended Mode(Common mode)

Two same polarity signals are applied to the input signals

Oepn loop voltage gain ( A or Acl)

gain of op amp with no external components connected to it,

due to the internal design of the op amp,

range up to 200 000 and also referred to as large signal voltage gain or differential mode gain

Close-loop voltage gain ( A or Acl)

This the gain of op amp that depends on external components

This can be affected by the open loop gain

less than the open loop gain. Also called gain with feedback (Af)

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

Measure of an amplifier's ability to reject common-mode signals, expressed as a ratio.

Common Mode Input Voltage Range (Vicr)-Op amp necessary parameters

The range of input voltages that will not cause distortion; typically+- 10V

Maximum Output Voltage Swing(Vom) -Op amp necessary parameters

maximum peak to peak output voltage , limited by the supply voltage

Input Offset Voltage (Vio)- Op amp necessary parameters

the needed differential dc voltage between the inputs to force the output voltage to zero; typically 2 mV or less

Input Offset Current (Iio)

The dc current required by the amplifier to poperly operate the first stage( 80nA, 500nA)

Input Offset Current (Iio)-Op amp necessary parameters

The difference between two input currents (20-200nA)

Input and Output Impedance -Op amp necessary parameters

The input impedance should be very high and output impedance should be very low

Slew Rate -Op amp necessary parameters

Maximum rate of change of output voltage in response to a step input voltage.

Frequency Response -Op amp necessary parameters

The change in the gain of the op amp as the frequency of the input signal changes

Open loop Response-Op amp necessary parameters

It is the response of the op amp with no external feedback

Phase response -Op amp necessary parameters

indicates how the phase shift b/w the input and output signal changes with frequency

Negative Feedback (Op-Amp with Feedback)

It is the process whereby a portion of the output is returned to the input with a phase angle that opposes the input signal

Virtual Ground Concept

Resulting from the high open-loop gain of op-amps, creating a virtual ground at the input.

Virtual ground concept

In an ideal op-amp, if Vd is approximately zero, the voltage across the inverting terminal equals the voltage across the non-inverting terminal.

Ideal-op amp condition

When the voltage across the inverting terminal equals the voltage across the non-inverting terminal in an op-amp.

Inverting Amplifier

A common constant gain amplifier circuit where the closed-loop gain is determined by external resistors.

Non-inverting Amplifier

An op-amp circuit where the input is applied to the non-inverting terminal and the feedback resistor is connected to the inverting input.

Voltage Follower

A unity gain amplifier with direct feedback from output to input, commonly used as a buffer amplifier.

Summing Amplifier

An op-amp configuration with multiple inputs that produces an output proportional to the negative sum of its input voltages.

Differentiator

An op-amp circuit where the output amplitude is proportional to the rate of change of the input, using a resistor as feedback and a capacitor as input element.

Integrator

An op-amp circuit where the instantaneous output amplitude is proportional to the accumulated input signal amplitude over time, using a capacitor as feedback element.

Comparator

A circuit that compares two input voltages and produces an output indicating the relationship between them, often used with positive feedback for noise immunity.

Closed-loop Input Resistance

The input resistance of an op-amp circuit with feedback, dependent on internal resistances and feedback attenuation.

Closed-loop Output Resistance

The output resistance of an op-amp circuit with feedback, influenced by internal resistances and feedback attenuation.

ROLL OFF

Decrease of gain as the frequency increases