Social Psychology

social identity

identity placed on individuals by others

personal identities

an identity made by oneself

intersectionality

effects and nature of our overlapping social identities

primary group

closest group individuals create with one another

secondary group

group of acquaintances who share similar interests or values

Ingroups

groups of people with a shared identity

outgroups

groups of people who lack a shared identity

ethnocentrism

belief that one's group is better than another's

cultural relativism

the idea that beliefs and values of one's ingroup may be different, but not necessarily wrong(accepting other's opinions)

assimilation

process of taking on another's culture in order to fit into a new society

multiculturalism

when one takes on a new culture while still keeping their old one

culture shock

the way in which behaviors and values can be seen differently across cultures

cultural lag

time it takes for cultures to catch up to technological innovations or practices

role conflict

when two or more roles one has in society are at odds with each other

social institutions

parts of society designed to promote and transmit social norms to members in a variety of ways

institutionalized discrimination

type of discrimination that refers to the unfair treatment of certain groups by organizations

availability

whether something even exists for a person to use

accessibility

whether a person can use the available tools or resources

food desert

where there are no available grocery stores; the lack of nearby nutritious and fresh food

Irving Janis

discovered groupthink

groupthink

when the drive to reach a unanimous decision causes group members to not think as deeply and potentially make mistakes

mindguard

somebody in the group who criticizes or ostracizes people who disagrees with everybody else; contributes to groupthink

social facilitation

when people do better in front of others

social inhibition

when people do worse in front of others

social loafing

when one puts in a reduced amount of effort in due to the size of a group; they feel less responsible for the work

group polarization

when a judgement of a group is more extreme than they would have come up with individually

deindividuation

when one loses themself in a group and does things that they would normally not do

peer pressure

when an individual feels unduly influenced by their peers to engage in behaviors they normally would not

GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction)

encourages groups to announce their intent to reduce tensions and show small conciliatory behaviors, as long as they are reciprocated

attribution

the way in which people assign responsibility for certain outcomes

dispositional attribution

assumes the cause of behavior or outcome is internal

situational attribution

assigns the cause of a behavior to the environment or external conditions

self-serving bias

when the outcome is good the cause is internal and when it is bad the cause is external; "It is only my fault when I succeed"

fundamental attribution error

people are more likely to overestimate dispositional attributes while underestimating situational attributes

self-fulfilling prophecy

when person A expects person B to achieve or fail, person B does just that

Rosenthal Effect

when teachers are told certain students will achieve, they tend to do so even if there is no difference in skill

interpersonal attraction

tendency to positively evaluate a person and then gravitate towards them

positive evaluation

we prefer company of people who think highly of us

shared opinions

we tend to like people who hold the same or similar opinions to us more

mere exposure effect

people tend to prefer people and experiences that are familiar

conformity

modification of a behavior to make it agree with that of a group

Solomon Asch

Completed tests on conformity using a group of confederates who would trick the subject to mislabeling lines as the same size, when they in fact were not

compliance

propensity to accede to the requests of others

reciprocity

creating the appearance that you are giving someone something so they are mor likely to comply

foot-in-the-door phonomenon

making small requests in order to work up to larger requests

door-in-the-face phonomenon

making a large request so that subsequent, smaller requests are mor likely to be complied with

inoculation hypothesis

one failed attempt at compliance makes it unlikely that a second attempt will succeed

psychological reactance

when people resist compliance due to the feeling that they are being forced to do something against their will

Stanley Milgram

Studied obedience using an electric shock experiment

cognitive dissonance

when one's attitudes and behaviors contradict each other

Leon Festinger

studied cognitive dissonance and discovered that people tend to change their attitudes more often than their behaviors

elaboration likelihood model

explains that persuasion either occurs due ton the content of a message or superficial characteristics of said message

central route

when people are persuaded by the content of an argument

peripheral route

when people focus on the superficial characteristics of the speech or the orator

altruism

helping behavior; unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect

the more people there are, the less likely anyone will take action

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others

equity theory

a view where workers evaluate their efforts versus their rewards

human factors research

research that deals with the interaction of man and machine

Hawthorne effect

workers being monitored for any reason work more efficiently and productively

antisocial behavior

behavior that is hurtful to society or others

prejudice

a negative attitude towards members of a group without true reason

discrimination

treating members of a group differently than members of another group

stereotypes

prototypes of people

outgroup homogeneity effect

the tendency to view members of outgroups as the same, even if they are in entirely different outgroups

illusory correlation

when we tend to see relationships that don't actually exist

contact hypothesis

groups with stereotypes about each other would lose them if they were exposed to each other

hostile aggression

emotional and impulsive aggression typically induced by pain or stress

instrumental aggression

aggression committed to gain something of value

Albert Bandura

found that aggression is largely learned through his bobo doll experiment; especially in children

dehumanization

when we view the victims of violence as less than human

Phillip Zimbardo

Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment which focused on role playing, specifically the roles of guards and prisoners; shut down due to ethical concerns after barely a week