Studied by 0 people
social identity
identity placed on individuals by others
personal identities
an identity made by oneself
intersectionality
effects and nature of our overlapping social identities
primary group
closest group individuals create with one another
secondary group
group of acquaintances who share similar interests or values
Ingroups
groups of people with a shared identity
outgroups
groups of people who lack a shared identity
ethnocentrism
belief that one's group is better than another's
cultural relativism
the idea that beliefs and values of one's ingroup may be different, but not necessarily wrong(accepting other's opinions)
assimilation
process of taking on another's culture in order to fit into a new society
multiculturalism
when one takes on a new culture while still keeping their old one
culture shock
the way in which behaviors and values can be seen differently across cultures
cultural lag
time it takes for cultures to catch up to technological innovations or practices
role conflict
when two or more roles one has in society are at odds with each other
social institutions
parts of society designed to promote and transmit social norms to members in a variety of ways
institutionalized discrimination
type of discrimination that refers to the unfair treatment of certain groups by organizations
availability
whether something even exists for a person to use
accessibility
whether a person can use the available tools or resources
food desert
where there are no available grocery stores; the lack of nearby nutritious and fresh food
Irving Janis
discovered groupthink
groupthink
when the drive to reach a unanimous decision causes group members to not think as deeply and potentially make mistakes
mindguard
somebody in the group who criticizes or ostracizes people who disagrees with everybody else; contributes to groupthink
social facilitation
when people do better in front of others
social inhibition
when people do worse in front of others
social loafing
when one puts in a reduced amount of effort in due to the size of a group; they feel less responsible for the work
group polarization
when a judgement of a group is more extreme than they would have come up with individually
deindividuation
when one loses themself in a group and does things that they would normally not do
peer pressure
when an individual feels unduly influenced by their peers to engage in behaviors they normally would not
GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction)
encourages groups to announce their intent to reduce tensions and show small conciliatory behaviors, as long as they are reciprocated
attribution
the way in which people assign responsibility for certain outcomes
dispositional attribution
assumes the cause of behavior or outcome is internal
situational attribution
assigns the cause of a behavior to the environment or external conditions
self-serving bias
when the outcome is good the cause is internal and when it is bad the cause is external; "It is only my fault when I succeed"
fundamental attribution error
people are more likely to overestimate dispositional attributes while underestimating situational attributes
self-fulfilling prophecy
when person A expects person B to achieve or fail, person B does just that
Rosenthal Effect
when teachers are told certain students will achieve, they tend to do so even if there is no difference in skill
interpersonal attraction
tendency to positively evaluate a person and then gravitate towards them
positive evaluation
we prefer company of people who think highly of us
shared opinions
we tend to like people who hold the same or similar opinions to us more
mere exposure effect
people tend to prefer people and experiences that are familiar
conformity
modification of a behavior to make it agree with that of a group
Solomon Asch
Completed tests on conformity using a group of confederates who would trick the subject to mislabeling lines as the same size, when they in fact were not
compliance
propensity to accede to the requests of others
reciprocity
creating the appearance that you are giving someone something so they are mor likely to comply
foot-in-the-door phonomenon
making small requests in order to work up to larger requests
door-in-the-face phonomenon
making a large request so that subsequent, smaller requests are mor likely to be complied with
inoculation hypothesis
one failed attempt at compliance makes it unlikely that a second attempt will succeed
psychological reactance
when people resist compliance due to the feeling that they are being forced to do something against their will
Stanley Milgram
Studied obedience using an electric shock experiment
cognitive dissonance
when one's attitudes and behaviors contradict each other
Leon Festinger
studied cognitive dissonance and discovered that people tend to change their attitudes more often than their behaviors
elaboration likelihood model
explains that persuasion either occurs due ton the content of a message or superficial characteristics of said message
central route
when people are persuaded by the content of an argument
peripheral route
when people focus on the superficial characteristics of the speech or the orator
altruism
helping behavior; unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the more people there are, the less likely anyone will take action
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others
equity theory
a view where workers evaluate their efforts versus their rewards
human factors research
research that deals with the interaction of man and machine
Hawthorne effect
workers being monitored for any reason work more efficiently and productively
antisocial behavior
behavior that is hurtful to society or others
prejudice
a negative attitude towards members of a group without true reason
discrimination
treating members of a group differently than members of another group
stereotypes
prototypes of people
outgroup homogeneity effect
the tendency to view members of outgroups as the same, even if they are in entirely different outgroups
illusory correlation
when we tend to see relationships that don't actually exist
contact hypothesis
groups with stereotypes about each other would lose them if they were exposed to each other
hostile aggression
emotional and impulsive aggression typically induced by pain or stress
instrumental aggression
aggression committed to gain something of value
Albert Bandura
found that aggression is largely learned through his bobo doll experiment; especially in children
dehumanization
when we view the victims of violence as less than human
Phillip Zimbardo
Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment which focused on role playing, specifically the roles of guards and prisoners; shut down due to ethical concerns after barely a week
