Vocab Unit 6 - Era of Industrial Revolution QUIZ #2

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

The 'Big Four' conservative powers that formed the core of the coalition to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte.

Quadruple Alliance

The formal military alliance between the Big Four designed to maintain the post-Napoleonic peace and prevent further French aggression.

Congress of Vienna

The 1814-1815 international conference that redrew the map of Europe, seeking to restore 'legitimate' monarchs and maintain a balance of power.

Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty

The return of the French royal family to the throne, starting with Louis XVIII, following Napoleon's exile.

Peace of Paris, 1815

The second treaty ending the Napoleonic Wars; it was harsher than the first, requiring France to pay indemnities and accept foreign occupation.

Klemens von Metternich

The Austrian Foreign Minister and arch-conservative who dominated European politics by suppressing liberal and nationalistic movements.

Charles Talleyrand

The shrewd French diplomat who successfully negotiated for France at the Congress of Vienna to ensure it remained a great power.

Balance of Power

The diplomatic goal of ensuring no single nation (like France had been) could become powerful enough to dominate the rest of Europe.

Louis XVIII

The first post-Napoleon King of France (1814-1824) who attempted to balance royal authority with a constitutional framework.

1830 Belgium

A revolution in which Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to become an independent, neutral constitutional monarchy.

German Confederation

A loose association of 39 German states created at the Congress of Vienna to replace the defunct Holy Roman Empire.

Carlsbad Decrees

A set of reactionary laws introduced by Metternich in 1819 to censor the press and dissolve student nationalist groups in the German states.

Liberalism ('classical liberalism')

A political ideology favoring individual civil liberties, representative government, and free-market economics.

Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter

A document issued by the king that guaranteed some revolutionary gains, such as religious toleration and a bicameral legislature.

Laissez-faire

An economic principle advocating for a 'hands-off' government approach to the economy, emphasizing free competition and private property.

Nationalism

The belief that people with a shared culture, language, and history should be united into a single, sovereign political state.

Giuseppe Mazzini

The 'soul' of Italian unification; a nationalist who founded 'Young Italy' to push for a democratic, unified republic.

Socialism

A socio-economic ideology that critiqued the inequalities of industrialization, advocating for social equality and collective ownership of resources.

Count Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier

'Utopian Socialists' who proposed idealized societies based on scientific planning (Saint-Simon) or cooperative living in 'phalanxes' (Fourier).

Saint-Simon's 'positivism'

The belief that society should be governed by scientific principles and managed by technical experts for the benefit of the poor.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels - The Communist Manifesto (1848)

The foundational text of scientific socialism, arguing that history is defined by class struggle.

Marxism

The theory that the working class (proletariat) will inevitably overthrow the middle class (bourgeoisie) to create a classless society.

Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

Marx's two-class system: the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) versus the proletariat (wage laborers).

Capitalism (in Marx's view)

An exploitative system based on the private ownership of capital where the bourgeoisie profits from the labor of the workers.

Communism

The final stage of Marxism where the state and private property are abolished, and resources are distributed based on need.

Romanticism

An intellectual and artistic movement that rejected Enlightenment reason in favor of emotion, intuition, and the beauty of nature.

William Wordsworth (Tables Turned)

An English Romantic poet who argued that nature is a better teacher than science or books.

Eugene Delacroix

The leading French Romantic painter known for his use of vibrant color and dramatic, emotional scenes (e.g., Liberty Leading the People).

Joseph Turner and John Constable

British landscape painters; Turner focused on the overwhelming power of light and nature, while Constable focused on serene, rural beauty.

Ludwig von Beethoven

A revolutionary composer whose work infused classical forms with intense, Romantic emotional depth.

Communist Manifesto - Karl Marx

(See Marx/Engels above); specifically, the 1848 pamphlet calling for a global proletarian revolution.

Professionalization

The 19th-century process of standardizing jobs (like medicine or law) with formal training, exams, and licensing.

Labor aristocracy

The upper layer of the working class (skilled artisans) who earned higher wages and adopted more middle-class social behaviors.

Sweated industries

Informal, poorly paid, and unregulated manufacturing work, usually done at home by women and children (e.g., garment stitching).

Rat catching

A desperate, low-status urban job during the Victorian era used to combat the vermin infestations of overcrowded cities.

Companionate marriage

A marriage based on emotional bond, love, and attraction rather than purely economic or family interests.

Husbands older than wives

A Victorian social norm where men delayed marriage until they were financially stable, often resulting in a significant age gap.

Separate spheres (men and women)

The middle-class ideal that men belonged in the public world of work/politics, while women belonged in the private, domestic world.

'Home sweet home'

The concept of the domestic household as a moral sanctuary and refuge from the stresses of the industrial world.

Population decline

A demographic shift in the late 19th century as families began to intentionally limit their number of children.

Greek Independence of 1830

The successful struggle of the Greeks to win independence from the Ottoman Empire, supported by European powers.

Corn Laws of 1815

British laws that placed high tariffs on imported grain, benefiting wealthy landowners but making food expensive for the poor.

Tory Government

The conservative British political faction that resisted reform and protected the interests of the landed aristocracy.

Six Acts (1819)

Repressive laws passed by the British government to curb political dissent and assembly after the Peterloo Massacre.

Battle of Peterloo (Peterloo Massacre of 1819)

A peaceful pro-reform protest in Manchester that was violently broken up by the cavalry, killing 11 people.

Whig Party

The more liberal British political party that favored moderate reform and represented the interests of the industrial middle class.

Whig Reform Bill of 1832

A landmark law that expanded the electorate and gave more representation to industrial cities in Britain.

People's Charter / Chartist Movement

A working-class movement that demanded universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and other democratic reforms.

Anti-Corn Law League

A powerful pressure group that campaigned for the repeal of the Corn Laws to promote free trade and lower bread prices.

Robert Peel

The British Prime Minister who eventually repealed the Corn Laws in 1846, splitting the Tory party.

Great Famine (Ireland)

A catastrophic failure of the potato crop (1845-1851) that led to mass starvation, death, and emigration.

Louis XVIII (1815-1824) and his Constitutional Charter of 1814

(See Louis XVIII above); the king who established the 'Charter' as the basis of French law.

Charles X (1824-1830)

A reactionary French king who tried to return to absolute monarchy, sparking the Revolution of 1830.

Louis Philippe (1830-1848)

The 'Citizen King' who took the throne after Charles X; he styled himself as a king for the people but favored the bourgeoisie.

Bourgeois Monarchy

A term for Louis Philippe's reign, reflecting how the government's policies largely benefited the wealthy business class.

Barricades in the streets of Paris - Feb 1848

The uprising that forced Louis Philippe to abdicate and led to the birth of the Second Republic.

Second Republic (of France)

The democratic government established in 1848 which granted universal male suffrage but soon faced internal conflict.

National Workshops

Government-run relief programs in Paris in 1848 intended to provide work for the unemployed.

June Days

A violent class conflict in Paris in 1848 after the government closed the National Workshops; it resulted in a massive crackdown on workers.

Austrian Empire (Vienna rebellion of 1848)

A wave of revolts across the Austrian Empire demanding constitutions and ethnic autonomy; it led to Metternich's resignation.

Frankfurt National Assembly

A failed attempt by German liberals to unify Germany into a single constitutional state during the 1848 revolutions.

Italian rebellion of 1848

A series of uprisings across the Italian states seeking independence from Austria and democratic reforms; they were eventually crushed.