NUTRI DIET - Nutritional Needs for Newborns and Infants

- is essential for maintaining life.

- promote optimal growth and development, to prevent nutrient deficiencies, protect them from illnesses

Good nutrition

Why Proper Nutrition Matters for Infants and Newborns:

Helps the baby grow strong and healthy

Supports brain development and learning ability

Builds a strong immune system to fight infections

Keeps normal body weight and prevents malnutrition

Helps in faster recovery from illnesses

Builds a good foundation for lifelong health

Newborn:

Infant:

- 0 to 28 days old

- 1 month to 12 months old

Growth and Development:

- Adjusting to life outside the womb

- Needs warmth, care, and protection

- Rapid physical changes (weight and reflexes develop)

Newborn

Growth and Development:

- Steady growth in height and weight

- Begins to smile, crawl, sit, and recognize people

- Development of motor and sensory skills

Infant

Overview of Nutrition:

- Exclusive breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition

- Provides complete nutrients and immunity protection

Newborn

Overview of Nutrition:

- Continue breastfeeding

- Start complementary feeding (soft foods) at 6 months

- Needs balanced meals rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals

Infant

- refers to a baby in the first 28 days of life

- highest risk of morbidity and mortality.

Newborn infant, or neonate

- NEWBORN -

Weight:

Height:

Head circumference:

Chest circumference:

Weight: 2,500 grams to 4,000 grams

Height: 18-22 inches

Head circumference: 13-14 inches

Chest circumference: 12-13 inches

Energy Requirements for NEWBORN:

___________ - of the total energy requirement during the first three months of life

___________ - in the first month.

- 35 percent

- 40 percent

Energy needs for growth have two components:

- the energy used to _________________

- the energy deposited in those tissues, basically as _________, because carbohydrate content is insignificant.

- synthesize growing tissues

- fat and protein

Primary energy source for brain and muscle function.

Carbohydrates

Essential for tissue growth, enzyme and hormone synthesis, and immune development.

Protein

Provides energy, supports brain and nervous system development, aids absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat (Lipid)

The daily nutritional needs:

Protein:

Fat:

Carbohydrate:

Protein: 9.1g/day

Fat: 31g/ day

Carbohydrate: 60g/ day

Vision, immune function, and epithelial cell growth.

Vitamin A

Calcium absorption, bone and tooth formation, immune support.

Vitamin D

Protects cells from oxidative damage.

Vitamin E

Required for normal blood clotting.

Vitamin K

Collagen formation, wound healing, antioxidant protection, iron absorption.

Vitamin C

Support energy metabolism, nervous system, red blood cell production, DNA synthesis.

B Vitamins (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, B12, Folate)

Builds bones and teeth, supports muscle and nerve function.

Calcium

Necessary for hemoglobin formation and cognitive development.

Iron

Cell growth, immune function, enzyme activity, and wound healing.

ZInc

Strengthens tooth enamel, helps prevent cavities.

Fluoride

Maintains hydration and supports digestion and temperature regulation.

Water

Maintain fluid balance and support nerve and muscle function.

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

Mothers are encouraged to give only breast milk for the _____________ of life to the baby

Most babies drink between _____________ of breastmilk or formula daily

- 1st six mon28-36 ouncesths

Types of foods associated to these nutrients:

Breast Milk and Formula

Feeding practices & patterns:

- Babies will digest _________ more than formula.

- If you feed your baby formula, your baby will eat about _________ per day.

- Feed your baby when they seem hungry.

- Don't wait for your baby to ___, this means that they are very hungry.

- Your baby should NOT SLEEP MORE THAN __________ at night without feeding (4-5 hours if you are feeding formula).

- If you are breastfeeding exclusively, ask your healthcare provider if you need to give your baby supplemental vitamin D drops.

- breast milk

- 6-8 times

- cry

- 4 hours

Feeding practices & patterns:

- Never give _______ to your infant. It may cause ________, a rare but serious illness.

- Do not give your baby ________ until age 1 year. Babies under age 1 have a difficult time digesting cow's milk.

- Do not feed your baby any _______ until 4 to 6 months old. Your baby will not be able to digest it and may choke.

- Never put your child to bed _________. This can cause ___________. If your baby wants to suck, give them a pacifier.

- honey

- botulism

- cow's milk

- solid food

- with a bottle

- tooth decay

- refers to the first year of life after birth.

- human being between birth and the first birthday.

- "infant" comes from the Latin infans, meaning "unable to speak".

- Infancy

- Infant

A healthy full term infant:

weighs:

Measures:

Head circumference averages:

Infant skin:

weighs 2.7 to 3.2 kg (6 to 7 lbs)

Measures 48 to 50 cm (19 to 20 inches in leght

Head circumference averages 35 cm (14 inches)

Infant skin: moist, elastic, not wrinkled

- include large nutrient molecules that provide the primary nutritional source of energy and substrate

- (Carbohydrate, Fats, Protein)

Macronutrients

- primary and quickest source of energy for an infant's body, supporting activities and brain functions.

- act as prebiotics, feeding beneficial gut bacteria and supporting a healthy gut microbiome.

Carbohydrate

essential for brain development and nerve pathways, provides energy, helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins, and protects organs.

Fat

- Essential for growth and the synthesis of new _______, as they provide the amino acids the body needs

- They are critical for building and repairing tissues, hormone production, and enzyme function.

Protein

____________ - requirement for infants are high due to larger skin surfaces leading to heat loss.

AT BIRTH : __________ (entirely)

2-7 MONTHS: ___________ per kg

7- 12 MONTHS - ___________ per kg

- Calorie

AT BIRTH : 350 - 500 calories (entirely)

2-7 MONTHS: 120 calories per kg

7- 12 MONTHS - 100 calories per kg

- are necessary for the health, function, and development of brains, bodies, and bones.

Micronutrients

are needed to perform a variety of functions in the babys body, such as immunity, blood clotting and circulation, energy production, brain function, skin integrity, bone development, and fluid balance.

Vitamins and minerals

Helps RBC production

Supports brain development and strengthens immune system

Iron

Cell growth & repair, immune system

Helps in wound healing

Zinc

Infant digestion, preventing constipation

Supports gut health and nutrient absorption

Fiber

Buid and develop strong bones and teeth for infant

Muscle function and heart rhythm

Calcium

Develop brain and nervous system

Metabolism and thyroid hormone growth

Iodine

Cell formation and tissue growth

Brain and spinal cord development

Folate

Support energy production and metabolism

Brain development and nervous system

Maintain healthy skin, eyes, and muscles

B VITAMINS (Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, B12)

Healthy vision and immune function for babies

Support growth and repair tissues

Vitamin A

Body to absorb calcium for strong bones and teeth

supports immune and muscle function

Vitamin D

Acts as antioxidant to protect body cells

Vitamin C aids in wound healing, vitain E supports immune system and skin health

Vitamin C & E

Proper blood clotting

Bone development and repair

Vitamin K

- contains antibodies and other factors that help protect babies

- easily digested by an infant's immature system.

- It provides all the necessary fats, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

Breast milk

- Designed to provide all the necessary nutrients & healthy alternative to breast milk.

- introduced to the baby especially when the mother cannot produce milk known by a condition ___________________, or the mother may lack glandular tissue (_______________)

- Formulas

- hypolactation or agalactia

- mammary hypolapsia

6-12 months:

- Daily fluid needs approximately_______ per lb of body weight.

- The parent may start offering their baby a little bit of water

(_____ oz/day, ______ cup/day) in an open, sippy, or strawed cup.

- 2.5 oz

- 4-8

- 0.5-1

- Can hold their head up steadily

- Can sit up with support

- Shows interest in food, like leaning in or opening their mouth

- Can move food from the front to the back of their mouth (loss of the tongue-thrust reflex

Signs of readiness

Smooth purees

first spoon

Thick purees

6 months

Crushed pieces

Around 8 - 9 months

Small pieces

12 months

- Crucial for developing oral motor skills, encouraging a wider acceptance of foods, and aiding in their physical development.

- Helps them learn to chew, manage food in their mouth, and practice skills needed for eating a variety of family foods.

Different textures

- If it's also foamy it can be a sign that your breastfed baby is not drinking enough hindmilk.

(Try leaving her on the same breast longer)

BRIGHT GREEN

- Breastfed babies, teething babies. ______________

- Warning sign of stomach bug, or allergy to milk if it has _________ or a runny consistency.

- GREENISH TAN Normal

- mucus

Formula-fed babies, babies who are on iron supplement, meconium

DARK GREEN Normal

Warning sign for:

- Liver or gallbladder issues.

- Needs to be seen by a doctor.

WHITE

Warning sign for:

- Liver or gallbladder issues.

- Needs to be seen by a doctor.

- Could be normal if your baby has started solids.

GRAY

Warning sign for:

- digestive issues,

- GI tract bleeding (in rare cases) if your baby is older than 3 days old.

- Needs to be seen by a doctor

BLACK OR DARK BROWN

____________ - could be a sign of constipation or swallowing blood from mom's cracked nipples.

____________ - Warning sign for allergies or GI tract bleeding (in rare cases). See doctor.

- RED

- Bright red

Normal for:

- Formula-fed babies,

- Babies who are starting solids, breastfed babies if mom eats food with red dye.

BROWNISH ORANGE

Healthy, especially on breastfed babies!

MUSTARD YELLOW

Normal for:

- Breastfeeding babies with moms taking medicines.

- If runny or watery: Could be a sign of diarrhea

BRIGHT YELLOW

1.) After the baby's 3rd month, test his/her readiness to accept new foods by placing a teaspoon ______________.

between the lips

2.) Start any new food with _____________ on the first day and add as the baby takes to the new taste.

½ teaspoon

3.) Never start two new foods at the same time. Let the baby get used to a new food about__________ before trying him/her out on a new one.

two or three days

4.) Show __________ when giving a new food. This will make him/her like to eat a variety of foods.

pleasure

5.) Give _________ between feeds to provide enough liquid to remove waste from his/her body and to help regulate bodily functions.

water

6.) When the baby is about 7th months of age, ______ him/her to ___________ and other liquids from a cup.

- By using a teaspoon and later a cup, the use of a feeding bottle which is often the source of a baby's infection can be avoided.

- teach, drink water

7.) Give finely __________ when the baby starts teething. Biskotso or any hard toast is also good at this time.

chopped foods

8.) Offer _____________ to the baby

bland foods

a. Wash hands with soap and clean water before handling baby's foods.

b. Dirty fingernails carry germs and eggs of worms which can cause worm infestation

C. Use clean utensils and keep foods away from flies and insects.

d. Boil liquids and cook all the baby's foods thoroughly.

9. Handle baby's foods properly.

10.) Feed the baby only with _______________ freshly peeled. Avoid giving him/her leftover foods.

freshly-cooked foods or fruits

11.) If necessary, divide the recommended amount of _________________ into several feedings during the day

supplementary foods

- Only suitable alternative if breast milk is not available or chosen.

- "Follow-on' ___________ not neccessary after 6 months- continue with regular formula to 12 months

INFANT FORMULA

- refers to nourishing an infant using infant formula instead of breast milk.

- to meet specific nutrient standards and are mostly iron-fortified to help prevent anemia.

Formula Feeding

MilK formulas are sterilized in order to reduce curd size and to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria .

Formula Preparation

2 METHODS OF FORMULA PREPARATION

Aseptic Method

Terminal Method

- The equipment and ingredients are sterilized separately either by steam or by boiling water for at least 25mins.

- The next step is to funnel the sterile formula into sterile bottles, nippled and the capped.

Aseptic Method

The formulas are poured into clean but unsterilized bottles and are sterilized together.

Terminal Method

VARITIES OF FORMULA

Preterm Formula

Enriched Formula

Soy Formula

Lactose-Free Formula

Hypoallergenic Formula

Anti-reflux Formula

Specialty Formula

For infants (34 weeks; higher in calories, protein, and minerals for catch-up growth.

Preterm Formula

For 34-36 weeks moderate calories for continued growth

Enriched Formula

For galactosemia, lactase deficiency, or vegan families: proven safe for infants.

Soy Formula

Uses corn-based carbs; for babies with lactose intolerance or galactosemia

Lactose-Free Formula

For babies allergic to cow's milk protein.

Hypoallergenic Formula

Helps manage gastroesophageal reflux (spitting up).

Anti-reflux Formula

Uploads For metabolic disorders (e.g.. PKU); must be combined with regular formula.

Specialty Formula

a method where a baby is fed both breast milk and infant formula, or expressed breast milk from a bottle alongside direct breastfeeding.

COMBINED FEEDING

means introducing solid or semi-solid foods to a baby's diet along with breast milk or formula — usually starting at 6 months of age.

Solid feeding or Complementary feeding

- milk alone no longer provides all the nutrients the baby needs for growth and development.

- continues until about 2 years old or beyond

Solid feeding or Complementary feeding

- Source of vitamin D and calcium

- Children aged 12 months and above need vitamin D and calcium for strong bones.

Whole cow's milk

- When to introduce cow's milk protein to your child?

Fortified soy beverages