Kinesiology Exam 1

Prime movers for back extension

erector spinae, transverse spinalis, interspinales

Muscles for trunk flexion

rectus abdominis, external/internal obliques

Neck flexors

sternocleidomastoid

Supraspinatus (SITS)

shoulder abduction

Infraspinatus (SITS)

shoulder lateral rotation, horizontal abduction

Teres minor (SITS)

horizontal abduction, shoulder lateral rotation,

Subscapularis (SITS)

internal rotation

Borders of scapula

vertebral, axillary, superior

surfaces of scapula

superior, inferior

processes of scapula

spinous, coracoid, acromion

shoulder dislocation

total loss of congruity

shoulder subluxation

a loss of joint congruity when excessive glide of the head of humerus occurs with glenoid fossa

shoulder instability

instability of the humerus to stay centered in the glenoid fossa resulting in pain, sublaxationor dislocation of the shoulder

laxity

looseness of muscles and ligaments

Anatomical position

standing upright, eyes forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at side of the body palms facing upward.

fundamental position

same as anatomical but palms face body

linear motion

movement from A to B

rectilinear motion

movement in a straight line

curvilinear motion

movement in a curved path

angular motion

movement around an object or a fixed point

Roll

the rolling of one joint surface onto another

glide or slide

linear movement of a joint surface parallel to a plane of an adjoining surface

spin

rotation of the moveable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface

compact bone

makes up hard, dense outer shell

cancellous bone

bone porous and spongy inside

Functions of bones

support and structure, store calcium, protect vital organs

long bone

length is greater than width (femur)

short bone

equal dimensions of height, length, and width (carpal)

flat bone

very broad surface, not thick (scapula)

irregular sesamoid

small bones located where tendons cross long bones (patella)

epiphysis

ends of long bone

diaphysis

main shaft of bone

metaphysis

flared part of each end

Primary curve

thoracic and sacral

secondary curve

cervical and lumbar

Fibrous joints

these joints are fixed or immoveable (synarthrodial) and are connected by dense connective tissue. Examples include the joints between the teeth and their sockets, and the sutures in the skull.

cartilaginous joints

these joints are connected entirely by cartilage (either hyaline or fibrocartilage) and allow for more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints.

synovial

fluid

non-axial

no movement (carpals)

uni-axial

moves one direction (flexion and extension) (elbow and knee)

bi-axial

movement in two planes (wrist allows your hand to move hand side to side and forward and back)

triaxial

moves three movements (shoulder and hip)

synarthroses

non movable suture joint (sutures on skull)

syndemosis

slight movement like (joint in radius and ulnar moves slightly but barely noticeable)

gomphosis

teeth

concave

moves in the same direction as the ligaments (curves inwards)

convex

moves in the opposite direction as the ligaments (curves outward)

law of inertia (1st law)

an object at rest stays at rest, an object in motion stays in motion

law of acceleration (2nd law)

the amount of acceleration depends on strength of the force applied

law of action-reaction (3rd law)

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Lever class 1

axis (head and neck)

lever class 2

resistance

lever class 3

force

active insufficiency

point at which a muscle cannot be shorten any further

passive insufficiency

muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to fibers

cervical segment

7, convex

thoracic segment

12, concave

lumbar segment

5, convex

sacral segment

5, concave

Sternoclavicular joint

only shoulder joint that attaches the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.

ligaments

connects bones to other bones, stabilize joints, prevents excessive movement

primary

part of curve the coccyx belongs to

supraspinatus

shoulder abduction and stabilization

external

oblique unilateral flexes to the opposite side

scalenes

flexion bilaterally of neck unilaterally lateral flexion

scaption

this is between abduction and shoulder flexion

inferior

this border rotates upward with shoulder flexion

quadratus lumborum

trunk lateral flexion

kyphosis

hunchback

end feels of bone

hard, soft, firm, bony

bursa

buffer between bone and tendon, like pudding

sagittal axis

side to side

frontal axis

forward and backward

vertical axis

up and down

shear

opposite forces

muscle attachments

when muscle contracts the insertion is pulled towards the origin.

reversal of muscle action

origin is pulled toward origin (ex. when doing pull-ups)

shoulder joints

scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral

shoulder complex

scapula, clavicle, sternum, humerus, rib cage