Studied by 50 peopleWhat are the female parts?
(Vagina)
Muscular and elastic passageway
Extends from the uterus to the outside of the body (birth canal)
Has ridges/folds to extend
Self cleaning (female reproductive organ)
(Cervix)
neck of the uterus
opens discharge during menstrual cycle
protects fetus + seals uterus during pregnancy
changes firmness
(Labia Majora)
the larger outer folds of the vulva
(Labia Minora)
the smaller inner folds of the vulva
(Ovaries)
Glands that produce the egg cells and hormones
(Pubes)
the hairs growing over the pubic region
(Urethra)
duct through which urine is discharged
(Uterus)
female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus
(Follicles)
clusters of cells surrounding a single egg
(Fimbria)
finger-like projection at the free end of the uterine tube
(Corpus luteum)
empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell
(Fallopian tubes)
tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
(Endometrium)
inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
(Myometrium)
Muscle layer of the uterus
(Bartholin's Glands)
produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina
(Clitoris)
female erectile tissue between the labia
1 in 5 women have what?
Retroverted uterus (tilted towards spine)
ph balance of the vagina
4
What are the 1st + 2nd inch of the vagina?
Most nerve endings/pleasure receptive
Travel path of an egg
Follicle -> Ovary -> Fallopian Tube -> Uterus -> Vagina
What is Latin for vagina and penis?
Latin for vagina = Sheath for sword
Latin for penis = Tail
What are the parts of the male anatomy?
(Penis)
Male reproductive organ
develops from same embryonic origin as clitoris
(Baculum)
Bone in penis
bony and non-bony penises can break!
(Seminal vesicle)
male organ that produces seminal fluid/semen for sperm cells (fructose + prostaglandins)
(Prostate)
Gland in males that controls the release of urine
Secretes fluid that enhances mobility and fertility of sperm
(Scrotum (male))
External sac that contains the testes
(Vas deferens (ductus deferens))
transports sperm from the epididymis (conduit to urethra)
(Urethra)
common passageway for sperm + urine
(Corpus cavernosum + corpus spongiosum)
Erectile tissue (3 columns)
(Epididymis)
A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature and are stored
(Seminferous tubules)
Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes
(Glans penis)
the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis
(Bulbourethral glands)
A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra
secrete fluid into the urethra
Cowper glands
(Ejaculatory duct)
tube through which semen enters the male urethra
(Prepuce)
lose foreskin casing that covers the glans penis
removed by circumcision
(Pubic bone)
protects male reproductive organs
(Glans penis)
bulging structure at the distal end of the penis (head)
(Erectile tissue of penis)
corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum
(Rectum)
Stores feces
Sperm production
1-2 degrees C BELOW body temperature
Impaired if warm
Where are sperm and the eggs made?
(Sperm) - Seminiferous tubules of the testes (between Sertoli cells)
(Eggs) - In ovaries
What is semen and where is it made?
Fluid made out of fructose and prostaglandins
Seminal vesicles
travel path of sperm
Seminiferous tubules (in testes) -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
travel path of semen/seminal fluid
Testis -> epididymis -> ductus deferens -> seminal vesicle -> ejaculatory duct -> prostate gland -> bulbourethral gland -> urethra
chromosome
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus w/ DNA + proteins (46 total; 23 pairs from each parent)
(DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes (helix)
What is a gene and sex chromosome?
(Gene)
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait (unit of heredity)
(Sex chromosome)
Specific chromosomes associated w/ male + female sex determination; XX-girl + XY-boy
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis
(Mitosis)
Cells replicate all chromosomes then divide; each cell gets FULL set of chromosomes (Meiosis)
Cells replicate all chromosomes then divide TWICE; each cell gets half a set of a chromosomes
What is oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
(Oogenesis)
Formation of eggs/female gametes
(Spermatogenesis)
Formation of sperm/male gametes
Hormone
Chemical signal (molecule) secreted by cell + influences behaviors of other cells/itself
What is the difference between the negative and positive feedback loops?
(Negative)
Brings body back to equilibrium if one of the processes go above/below the limit
(Positive)
Presence of something enhances the process of the body
How to tell if a fetus is XX (girl) or XY (boy)?
(Girl)
MIS hormone NOT present
Testosterone NOT high in concentration
Mullerian ducts develop into female structures
(Boy)
Testosterone high in concentration
Wolffian ducts develop into male structures
MIS hormone present
*MIS hormone = Mullerian inhibiting substance hormone
When do female and male glands form?
Female = 12 weeks
Male = 36 weeks
SRY (sex determining region Y) gene
determines the sex of the offspring; if the y chromosome is not present, the baby develops into a girl; if present, a boy; found in Y chromosome
When are primary oocytes made?
Before birth; development pauses; finishes during monthly cycle (puberty)
What hormones are released during oogenesis?
Hypothalamus produce GnRH stimulating FSH+LH hormones
LH+FSH stimulate ovaries (granulosa cells) to make estrogen
What does oogenesis produce?
1 egg and 3 polar bodies
How long does oocytes stay in prophase for?
Until/after puberty
How long do oocytes pause at metaphase II in meiosis II?
Till fertilization
When and how long does sperm form?
Throughout the life of a male/ 64-74 days
How much sperm is produced each ejaculation?
80-300 million
How many sperm cells are formed in a lifetime?
More than 500 billion sperm cells
When are spermatogonia formed?
Before birth/sperm made continuously after puberty
What is produced per diploid spermatocyte?
4 sperms
blood-testis barrier
prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells (protects sperm cells)
What chromosome does the egg have?
X chromosome
Why do polar bodies die?
because of unequal division of cytoplasm (egg needs cytoplasm)
When does mitosis occur?
throughout life/before birth
Purpose of menstrual cycle
to prepare the body for pregnancy + carry a fetus
Endocrine system
All of the tissues, adipose fat, + organs that secrete hormones
What two cycles are in menstrual cycle?
Ovarian + uterine cycle
How long does a normal and average cycle last?
Normal = 21-35 days Average = 28 days
What if there is no pregnancy?
Uterine lining/endometrium sheds = period/bleeding
What happens to egg and uterine lining in menstrual cycle?
Egg finishes development + uterine lining thickens
Where is estrogen(estradiol) secreted and what is its function?
Ovary (follicles)
Thickens endometrium; stimulates LH; decreases FSH (pre-ovulatory)
Where is luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted and what is its function?
Anterior pituitary gland
Ovulation + development of corpus luteum; causes testes to make testosterone for sperm production
Where is gonadtropin secreted and what is its function?
Hypothalamus
Releases FSH + LH from pituitary gland; begins start of menstruation at puberty
Where is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted and what is its function?
Anterior pituitary gland
Initiates follicular growth (egg maturation)
Where is progesterone secreted and what is its function?
Corpus luteum of ovary
Maintains uterine lining for pregnancy/stimulates endometrial growth
When does puberty start for girls?
Age 9-10 (gets earlier)
What is thelarche and what hormones trigger it?
(First stage) beginning of breast development
Estrogen, progesterone, + prolactin
What is pubarche and what hormones trigger it?
(Second stage) growth of pubic hair, axillary + sebaceous glands
Androgens (testosterone); F - 0.5 mg + M - 6-8 mg
Menarche
the first menstrual period
Why is average age for menstruation lowering?
Weight, stress, more food + resources; BPA (Bisphenol A) + Endocrine disrupting chemicals (acts like estrogen)
Order of puberty
Thelarche, Pubarche, Menarche, Perimenopause, Menopause
What phases are in the uterine cycle?
(Proliferative)
The phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature (cells are multiplying + spreading)
Rebuilding of endometrium through cell division (rising estrogen)
(Secretory)
Continued proliferation of endometrium through fluid secretion
(Premenstrual phases)
Endometrium breaks down (drop in progesterone)
proliferative phase
the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature (cells are multiplying + spreading)
What happens in the ovarian cycle?
Maturing of the egg + ovulation (oogenesis) driven by anterior pituitary hormones
What days are the follicular phase?
days 1-14 (also known as pre-ovulatory phase)
What day is the menstrual phase?
Day one
How many primary oocytes are stimulated in menstrual phase?
20-25 primary oocytes
What rises in the end of previous menstrual cycle?
FSH hormone
What happens to the follicles during the menstrual phase?
It beings to develop + thicken around the oocytes; becomes fibrous on the outside
What happens to the granulosa cells during the menstrual phase?
It matures + begins making estrogen
What are the cells of the follicle?
(Theca cells) - outer cells of the follicle (Granulosa cells) - inner cells of the follicle
Why does the follicle rupture and what hormones causes it?
To release the egg at ovulation
Egg rupture caused by the LH + FSH hormones
Why do the follicle cells secrete hormones?
To sustain uterine lining for pregnancy after ovulation
What is the name of the dominant follicle and what size does it reach?
Graafian follicle
The size of a nickel
What days are the pre-ovulatory phase and what happens?
Days 6-14
Follicles secrete more estrogen as they grow larger
Maturing of the egg + follicle
Ends when ovulation occurs
What does the largest/dominant/mature follicle do, what does estrogen do to it and how many eggs would mature due to estrogen?
Reduces FSH to other follicles + becomes more sensitive to FSH
Makes it more sensitive to FSH
20 or 25 eggs
What does estrogen do to FSH?
Reduces amount of FSH secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
What day is ovulation?
day 14
Mittelschermz
pain between menstrual periods (German for middle pain)
Fraternal twins
Release of two fertilized eggs
How long does ovulation last and where does it happen?
2-3 mins
One side at a time
What hormones spike before ovulation?
FSH + LH hormones
What does estrogen + FSH cause the follicle to do?
Make receptors for the LH hormone
What hormone makes FSH + LH spike?
Estrogen
What happens before ovulation?
High estrogen -> hypothalamus releases GnrH -> stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH + LH
What hormone causes moodswings?
Progesterone
What happens with low levels and high levels of estrogen?
(Low)
It inhibits the FSH + LH release
(High)
It stimulates the LH + FSH release
What are the anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones?
(Anterior Pituitary)
LH + FSH hormones
(Ovarian)
Estrogen + progesterone
What happens in the negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop?
(Negative)
Estrogen spikes in follicular phase (first)
LH + FSH decreases while progesterone spikes in luteal phase (second)
(Positive)
LH + FSH hormones spike from estrogen (between first + second)
What happens in day 0?
Menstruation/growing follicle
What goes on in the follicular phase?
Proliferative phase
Estrogen spike
Growing follicle
What happens in day 14?
Ovulation
Egg ovulates
LH + FSH spikes
What goes on in the luteal phase till day 28?
Secretory phase
Progesterone spikes
LH + FSH declines
Corpeus Luteum forms; then corpus albicana
What causes the follicle to rupture?
LH hormone increase blood flow to follicle + causes it to swell w/ fluid + the outside gets thin
How does the egg move?
Protrudes from one side till it bursts; swept into fallopian tube by current
What surrounds the ovary?
Fimbria (tiny hairs) in a rhythmic fashion in time w/ the heartbeat
What days are the post-ovulatory phase?
Days 15-28
What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?
It withers + dies
What happens after the follicle rupture and what hormones are secreted?
The follicle becomes the corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone + a little estrogen
When does the luteal phase happen, for how long, and what hormones inhibit it?
Starts day 15
Lasts for 12 days
GnrH, FSH, + LH hormones
What is the purpose of the uterine cycle?
Development of the endometrium in preparation for a pregnancy
Why does the body temperature rise with ovulation?
The increase of progesterone causes the temp. to rise in ovulation
When is the cervix fertile and what is the fertile window?
When it has thinner + watery mucus; 6 days before to one day after ovulation
How long does sperm and egg live for?
(Sperm) = 3-5 days; 6-7 days under ideal condition (Egg) = 24 hours
When is the best time to do sex?
Before body temp. rises
After ovulating, it can depend on when spikes/running. a day late
Prostanglandins
Hormones that cause contraction of smooth muscle in uterus to discharge endometrium; affects smooth muscle in the bowel
What is a disease and a disorder?
(Disease) - Pathophysiological response to internal/external factors
(Disorder) - Disruption to regular bodily structure + function
itis
inflammation
osis
abnormal condition/state
Note
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