Zoology Final [PREPARE FOR REWORDING]

How old is life on earth?

3.5 BYA

What is the theory called that explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Primary Endosymbiosis

During early development, which stages follows the Morula stage?

Blastula stage

What kind of symmetry divides the body along the sagittal plane into two mirrored parts?

Bilateral

Which grade of animal complexity do unicellular eukaryotes belong?

Protoplasmic grade

In protostomes, which body opening does the blastopore become?

Mouth

Are the bills of platypuses and ducks an example of homology or homoplasy?

Homoplasy

What is the correct genus rank of Teleogryllus oceanicus?

Teleogryllus

A pop. of otters in KY lake evolve a darker coat in response to visually-hunting predators. Is this macro or microevolution?

Microevolution

What is synapomorphy?

A shared derived characteristic used to define a clade in phylogenetics.

Pop. o/ hedgehogs lives at the bottom of a volcano, 50% are brown, 50% are black. Color determined genetically. One day, it erupts and kills most of the hedgehogs. Now, the color ratio is 90:10%. What is the evolutionary force responsible for this?

Genetic Drift

What coelom do all deuterostomes have?

Eucoelom/true coelom

Which process results in the coelom that deuterostomes have?

Enterocoely

What type of coelom?: the gut cavity curves inward forming a circle in the middle of the mesoderm.

True coelom

For all life on earth, what is the genetic code?

Symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait)

Which morphological divergence tree did Darwin propose as the way evolution proceeded?

The swiggly-looking tree

Which phylogeny represents a large change over short periods of time? What is this kind of evolutionary change called?

The cacti-looking tree, and it’s called punctuated equilibrium

Monophyletic

All descendants and their common ancestor

Paraphyletic

Not all descendants, but contains common ancestor

Polyphyletic

Various “unrelated” descendants, but no common ancestor

Two forms of asexual reproduction that Poriferans can do

Fragmentation & budding

What is the mechanism called that unicellular eukaryotes use to ingest food?

Phagocytosis

Which structure do Amoeba use for movement?

Pseudopodium (podia = feet)

What disease does the protozoan Plasmodium cause?

Malaria

What is the vector transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi?

Assassin bug & kissing bug

Symplesiomorphies of lizards, horses, and monkeys?

Vertebrae, jaws, notochord

Which germ layers do diploblastic animals have?

Ectoderm & endoderm (lacking mesoderm)

Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume ratio? Big or small cells?

Small cells

What is the cell type called that produces the stream of water through the sponges?

Choanocyte

Which cell type in sponges can differentiate into other cell types?

Archaeocyte

What is the matrix called in which the cells are arranged in sponges?

Mesohyl

You’re an embryo deceptive: you know the perpetrator of a crime is a deuterostome + you have a suspect. The suspect shows spiral cleavage - do you investigate further?

No, let them go

Which is the next HIGHER rank above family?

Order

In sponges, which type of canal system is is least efficient?

Asconoid system

In which animal type does the mesodermal pouch surround the gut?

Deuterostome

Sister group to all animals?

Choanoflagellata

Which term describes a body part closer to a point of attachment than another body part?

Proximal

What are the two cell layers of Cnidarians (NOT GERM LAYERS!)?

Epidermis & gastrodermis

Are Medusae monoecious or dioecious?

Dioecious

What kind of nervous system do Cnidarians have?

Diffuse nerve net

What kind of symmetry to polyps have?

Radial symmetry

Which life stage of a typical Cnidarian reproduces sexually?

Medusa

What is the gelatinous layer between the outer & inner cell layer in a polyp or Medusa called?

Mesoglea

Which of the following terms refers to the actual cell producing the stinging apparatus?

Cnidocyte

You collected a Cnidarian and brought it home. You kept it alive for many years in your aquarium but never saw a Medusa stage, despite it reproducing. Which class does it belong to?

Anthozoa

Which two traits do Nematoda and Platyhelminthes share from the list?

Diploblastic & Protostomia

Which stage of the life cycle of Nematomorpha is parasitic?

Juvenile life stage

Which class of Mollusca has a closed circulatory system?

Cephalopod

Which kind of coelom do animals in the phylum Nematoda have?

Pseudocoelom

You find a flatworm: after inspection + dissection, you see that it has no digestive tract. To which class does it belong?

Cestoda

Which of the Platyhelminthes class does not have a neodermis?

Turbellaria

What is the intermediate host of Tania saginata?

Cattle

What is the intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis infecting a definite host?

Fish

If a parasite is mature and reproduces sexually inside another animal, the latter is what kind of host?

Definite host

You find a worm that only has longitudinal muscles. To which phylum does it belong?

Nematoda

Which phylum shows eutely?

Nematoda

T/F: In Nematodes, the nerve extends to the muscle to make a connection.

False

Which traits do Mollusca & Annelida share?

True coelom & Lophotrochozoa

Which layer of the shell makes a pearl?

Nacreous layer

What are the two portions of a Molluscan body?

Head-foot portion and visceral-mass portion

What is the definitive host of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Human

What kind of skeleton do Nematodes and Annelids share?

Hydrostatic skeleton

You find a parasitic worm. It has no phasmids or aphids. Does it belong to Nematoda or Nematomorpha?

Nematomorpha

Name a function of clitellum

Keep mating worms attached to each other, forming a cocoon for the eggs to protect for development

What is the unique feeding organ that can be found in Mollusca?

Radula

What is the smallest whorl of a Gastropod’s shell called?

Apex

You’re a snail w/ a shell. Which process would you go through during your lifetime?

Torsion only

T/F: Counter-current system in mussel gills is more efficient in taking oxygen from water because oxygen equilibrium point is not reached, whereas in same-current systems, there is equilibrium so diffusion stops

True

Name an advantage of Metamerism

Ensures safety because they can survive if they miss a part, better fine-control & more efficient movement, facilitated the evolution of complex nervous system

You find a worm with two brains. Which group is it apart of?

Hirudinea

You find a worm with tentacles on its anterior end. Which group does it belong to?

Sedentaria

What are the internal “walls” that separate segments inside earthworms?

Septa

Which structure gives Annelida its name?

The annuli rings outside the body

What is the skeleton of arthropods called? Also, name an advantage of such skeleton

Exoskeleton providing protection from predators, physical stressors, and dehydration

Two tagmata of spiders

Prosoma/cephalothorax & opisthosoma/abdomen

What kind of circulatory system do Arthropods have?

Open circulatory system

What are the mouthparts of spiders called?

Chelicera

An arthropod has many legs: you pick it up and it bites you with a venom claw. Before you pass out, you notice the segments have one pair of legs. What class of Myriapoda is it?

Chilopoda

Which appendages do Chelicerata have?

4 pairs of walking legs, 1 pair of pedipalps, 1 pair of chelicera

Name a disease that ticks can transfer to humans when bitten

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease

What is the key feature of Crustacea?

Two pairs of antennae

In a crayfish, what is the cuticular cover called extending laterally over the thorax?

Carapace

The appendages of crustaceans are forked into an exopod and endopod - what is the term describing this appendage?

Biramous

What kind of circulatory system do crustaceans and insects have?

Open circulatory system

What is the function of the gonopod?

Transfer sperm from male to female during mating

What is the larva called that hatches from a crustacean egg?

Nauplius larva

Three magmata of Hexapoda?

Head, thorax, abdomen

Which class do hexapods that have mouthparts inside their heads belong to?

Endognatha

Name a key feature of insects distinguishing them from other arthropods

Two pairs of wings

What kind of skeleton do insects have?

Exoskeleton

Indirect flight muscles

Flight muscles are attached to the thorax contracting it causing the wings to move

Direct flight muscles

Flight muscles are attached to the base of the wings coordinating their up and down movement

To which class do hexapods belong that have mouthparts outside of their head?

Insecta

What are the two types of eyes in insects?

Ocelli and compound eyes

Hemimetabolous insects

Undergo incomplete metamorphosis: juvenile is a nymph without wings developing wings as it gets older

Ametabolous

Insects that do not undergo metamorphosis and ALL endognathans: juvenile is a small version of adult

Holometabolous insects

Undergo complete metamorphis: egg becomes larva, larva becomes pupa, pupa becomes adult

A harmless species copying the appearance of a dangerous local species

Batesian mimicry

If you find a noxious caterpillar that is colorful and sticks out from its background, but no other species looks like it nearby, what is this phenomenon?

Aposematic coloration

What side of the sea star faces the substrate?

Oral side